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    2-PHENYLPHENOL AND SODIUM SALT      JMPR 1975

    Explanation

         During the 1974 Meeting of the Codex Committee on Pesticide
    Residues several delegations were of the opinion that the proposed
    tolerance of 15 mg/kg on apples was too low (Alinorm 74/29 para. 141).

         Governments were invited to present data to the Joint Meeting as
    a basis for new recommendations.

         Extensive information became available from the USA and the
    Netherlands on supervised trials on residues occurring on or in apples
    following use of 2-phenylphenol according to good storage practice.

         From the new data, together with the data available at earlier
    Joint Meetings it became evident that on some main varieties of apples
    residue levels after the use of 2-phenylphenol may exceed the earlier
    proposed residue level of 15 mg/kg (Table 1).

         It was shown that total residues of 2-phenylphenol on or in
    apples do not decrease significantly during storage, even for periods
    up to five months. However, the percentage of the residue remaining on
    the outside of the skin decreased gradually during that period.

         The percentage of 2-phenylphenol in the skin (as percentage of
    total amount in or on the apple) decreased from, 76.4% after one month
    of storage to 66.5% after five months (ref. KvW, 1973, No. 163).

         Information was obtained on the use of 2-phenylphenol in carrots
    in the USA. Such information was requested by the 1974 and 1975
    Meeting of the Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues (Alinorm 76/24,
    page 151). 2-phenylphenate (sodium salt) and 2-phenylphenate
    tetrahydrate solutions are used in the USA on carrots to prevent
    fungal diseases during storage: dosage rates are 0.05-0.1% sodium
    2-phenylphenate tetrahydrate solution, used as a dip, flood or spray,
    or 0.5% 2-phenylphenol sodium salt in an approved wax. When applied in
    the above mentioned dosage neither discoloration nor off-flavour
    occurs (Hoadley, 1963).

         Based on the new data on residues in apples which were available
    at the 1975 Joint Meeting and the re-evaluation of the data available
    at the 1969 Joint Meeting (FAO/WHO 1970), an increase of the earlier
    recommendation to 25 mg/kg is appropriate.


    
    TABLE 1.  Residues of 1-phenylphenol in stored apples

    2-phenylphenol

                                                                                                                                               

                                                               Residues in mg/kg, after storage period in days/months; average and ranges
                                                Application
                                                                            storage           Month
                                                Method of                   period    days
    Crop        Country      Year  rate         application   formulation1  unknown   2-5      1        2        3      4        5         REF
                                                                                                                                               

    Apple

     Golden     Netherlands  1972  2 g/l         dip          pps                             14       14.7     13.7    11.9     12.0      KvW
     Delicious                                                                               (12.0-   (11.8-   (11.0-   (10.6-   (9.6-     1632
                                                                                              16.9)    18.9)    16.2)    19.3)   13.3)

     Golden     U.S.A.       1966  2% a.i.      foaming       ppth          13.2-                                                          p
     Delicious                                  during                      16.8
                                                brushing 3

                             1966  2%            "       4    ppth          26.5                                                           p

                             1966  0.5%          dip     3    ppth          3.2                                                            p

                             1966  0.5%          "       4    ppth          6.2                                                            p

    Red                      1966  2% a.i.      foaming       ppth          5.9                                                            p
    Delicious                                   during                      (4.5-
                                                brushing 3                  6.9)

                             1966  2% a.i.       "       4    ppth          24.2                                                           p

                             1966  0.5% a.i.     dip     3    ppth          5.5                                                            p
                                                                            (3.1-
                                                                            10.2)

                             1966  0.5% a.i.     "       4    ppth          13.0                                                           p

    TABLE 1.  (Cont'd.)

    2-phenylphenol
                                                                                                                                               

                                                               Residues in mg/kg, after storage period in days/months; average and ranges
                                                Application
                                                                            storage           Month
                                                Method of                   period    days
    Crop        Country      Year  rate         application   formulation1  unknown   2-5      1        2        3      4        5         REF
                                                                                                                                               

    Jonathan                 1966  2% a.i.      foaming       ppth          2.1                                                            p
                                                during
                                                brushing 3

                             1966  2% a.i.       "       4    ppth          18.8                                                           p

                             1966  0.5%          dip     3    ppth          7.2-                                                           p
                                                                            10.1

                             1966  0.5%          "       4    ppth          3.2                                                            p

    Apple

     Golden     U.S.A.       1971                             ppth          3.1                                                            p
     Delicious                                                ppth          0.88                                                           p
                                                                            (0.79-
                                                                            1.05)
                                                              ppth          0.40                                                           p
                                                                            (0.38-
                                                                             0.42)
                                                              ppth          1.41                                                           p

                U.S.A.       1970                             ppth                    23.82                                                p
                                                              ppth                                                      19.00              p
                                                                                                                        (18.84-
                                                                                                                        19.15)

    TABLE 1.  (Cont'd.)

    2-phenylphenol
                                                                                                                                               

                                                               Residues in mg/kg, after storage period in days/months; average and ranges
                                                Application
                                                                            storage           Month
                                                Method of                   period    days
    Crop        Country      Year  rate         application   formulation1  unknown   2-5      1        2        3      4        5         REF
                                                                                                                                               

                                                              ppth                                                      0.70               p
                                                              ppth                                                               0.36      p
                                                              ppth                    4.12                                                 p
                                                                                     (4.06-
                                                                                      4.17)

    Red Rome    U.S.A.       1970                             ppth                    0.55                                                 p
                                                                                     (0.40-
                                                                                      0.70)

                             1970                             ppth          0.02                                                           p

    Starking    U.S.A.       1970                             ppth          0.44                                                           p
                                                                            (0.28-
                                                                            0.60)

                                                              ppth          0.64                                                           p

                                                              ppth          0.02                                                           p
                                                                                                                                               

    Notes     1  pps = sodium 2-phenylphenate;                 ppth = sodium 2-phenylphenate tetrahydrate
              2  10 samples on each sampling date; average residue and range.
              3  rinsed 2-4 seconds with water after treatment.
              4  no rinsing after treatment.
    

    RECOMMENDATION

         The earlier established maximum residue limit for
    o-phenylphenol should be amended as follows:

         Maximum residue limit         mg/kg

         Apples                        25


    REFERENCES

    Hoadley, A. D. (1963) Control of carrot storage disease organisms with
    sodium orthophenylphenate. Plant Disease Reporter 47 (10) 900-903

    KvW No. 163 ten Broeke, R. and Dornseiffen, J. W. (1973) Residues of
    diphenylamine and o-phenylphenol in apples (in dutch). Unpublished
    report No. 163 Food Inspection Service, Amsterdam.

    P = (Pennwalt) (1975) Unpublished data provided by Pennwalt
    Corporation to 1975 JMPR. October 1975.
    


    See Also:
       Toxicological Abbreviations
       Phenylphenol, 2- (FAO/PL:1969/M/17/1)
       Phenylphenol, 2- (Pesticide residues in food: 1990 evaluations Toxicology)