ADI

acceptable daily intake

ALDH

alcohol dehydrogenase

ALT

alanine aminotransferase

AST

aspartate aminotransferase

ATP

adenosine triphosphate

AUC

area under the curve (concentration–time)

Aus

Australia

bw

body weight

cmax

maximum plasma concentration

CI

confidence interval

DMBA

7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene

F

female

F0

parental generation

F1

first filial generation

F2

second filial generation

FAO

Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations

GEMS

Global Environemtnal Monitoring System

GGT

gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase

GLP

good laboratory practice

GMP

good manufacturing practice

GSFA

General Standards for Food Safety

GSH

glutathione

IDDM

insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

Ig

immunoglobulin

IPCS

International Programme on Chemical Safety

JECFA

Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives

LD50

median lethal dose

LOQ

limit of quantification

M

male

ND

not detected

NDMA

N-nitrosodimethylamine

NHL

non-Hodgkin lymphoma

NOEL

no-observed-effect level

NPRO

N-nitrosoproline

NR

not reported

NZ

New Zealand

OECD

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

OR

odds ratio

ppm

parts per million

S9

9000 × g microsomal frcation of rat liver

SIDS

sudden infant death syndrome

TNF

tumour necrosis factor

UK

United Kingdom

WHO

World Health Organization

w/w

weight for weight