PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN FOOD - 1982
Sponsored jointly by FAO and WHO
EVALUATIONS 1982
Data and recommendations of the joint meeting
of the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues
in Food and the Environment and the
WHO Expert Group on Pesticide Residues
Rome, 23 November - 2 December 1982
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Rome 1983
ALDICARB
CH3 O H
' " /
CH3SCCH = NOCN
' \
CH3 CH3
Explanation
Aldicarb was reviewed by the JMPR in 1979 (FAO/WHO 1980)1/. An
ADI of 0-0.001 mg/kg body weight was established, based on the
no-effect level of 0.125 mg/kg bw observed in a short-term feeding
study on rats. Further desirable information was noted at that time.
Additional data on aldicarb metabolites have become available,
primarily on aldicarb sulphone, which is one of the two major terminal
residues. The other major metabolite is aldicarb sulphoxide. The data
consist of acute, subchronic and chronic studies, with additional
information and observations in humans, as well as a water inclusion
study in rats.
The data considered in support of the ADI established by the 1970
JMPR are re-evaluated in this monograph addendum in light of the
additional data received, and a rationale is provided for revising the
previously recommended ADI.
EVALUATION FOR ACCEPTABLE DAILY INTAKE
TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES
Special Study on Reproduction
Rat - aldicarb sulphone
Aldicarb sulphone (99.76% pure) was administered to rats
(10 males and 20 females/group) at dosage levels of 0, 0.6, 2.4 and
9.6 mg/kg/day in their diet for approximately 100 days. Rats were then
mated to initiate a three generation, one litter per generation,
reproduction study. Fertility, gestation survival (4, 14 and 21 days)
and lactation indices were determined, as well as body weights and
food consumption. Male rats fed 9.6 mg/kg exhibited reduced body
weights. There were no differences from the control with regard to
fertility, gestation survival or viability indices. Marginal effects
1/ See Annex 2 for WHO and FAO documentation.
on the lactation index were noted. It was determined that aldicarb
sulphone, at levels up to and including 9.6 mg/kg, was without adverse
effects on reproduction under the conditions of this study (Woodside
et al 1977a).
Special Study on Teratogenicity
Rat - aldicarb sulphone
The aldicarb sulphone reproduction study conducted by Woodside
et al (1977a) incorporated a teratology bioassay. The animals were
divided into four groups and orally dosed with either 0, 0.6, 2.4 or
9.6 mg/kg at one of the following time intervals of gestation: 0-20
days, 6-15 days, or 7-9 days. All animals were sacrificed before
parturition (day 20) and the foetuses examined for skeletal and
visceral changes. Resorption sites, number and condition of pups and
litter weights were recorded. The pregnancy rate was unaffected by
treatment, except that resorption sites per female were slightly
increased in 9.6 mg/kg-treated females for the 6-15 day treatment
interval. No increase in resorption was seen at the same dosage level
for days 0-20. Anomalies were essentially non-existent and there was
no indication of terata produced under the conditions of the study at
levels up to and including 9.6 mg/kg.
Special Study for Carcinogenicity
Mice - aldicarb sulphone
Groups of Charles River CD-1 mice (50/sex/group) were
administered 0, 0.15, 0.6, 2.4 and 9.6 mg/kg aldicarb sulphone in the
feed for 18 months. Mice were housed two per cage in the first year
and singly thereafter. Observations were made routinely throughout and
included mortality, food consumption and body weight determinations.
Gross and microscopic examination were performed on all mice. Body
weight changes were sporadic and exhibited no trends. Histologic
changes were not statistically different from controls at any dose
level for either sex. Based on these criteria, aldicarb sulphone did
not affect tumour incidence or produce any pathological alteration in
this strain of mouse (Woodside et al 1977b).
Special Study on Neurotoxicity
Hen - aldicarb sulphone
Adult white Leghorn hens (40 each) were intubated to receive
250 mg/kg bw aldicarb sulphone suspended in maize oil. Two other
groups, each with 10 hens, received either TOCP (500 mg/kg) or maize
oil alone, and served as positive and negative control groups
respectively. The birds received single oral doses, 21 days apart, in
a typical acute delayed neurotoxicity evaluation. The hens were
observed every third day for 42 days. There were no neurological
effects other than acute cholinergic signs of poisoning in the TOCP
dosed group. No histological examination was performed, owing to the
lack of demonstrated neurotoxic signs. Aldicarb sulphone did not cause
delayed neurotoxic reactions under the conditions of the study (Babish
and Salerno 1977).
Special Study on Sensitization
Skin sensitization to aldicarb sulphone (UC 21865, technical) or
a 75% WP formulation was evaluated in albino guinea pigs (Hartley
Strain) using a modified Landsteiner technique. Neither substance was
determined to be a sensitizer under the conditions of this study
(Conroy and Carpenter 1977).
Acute Toxicity
The acute toxicity of aldicarb, aldicarb metabolites and of
aldicarb formulations to several animal species is summarized in
Table 1.
Aldicarb is very highly toxic to mammals by oral exposure. In all
species tested, the acute oral toxicity of aldicarb and its
formulations are similar. The oral toxicity of the formulations is
basically that associated with ingestion of the active toxicant; the
lower acute oral toxicity of aldicarb formulations reflects the
reduced concentrations of aldicarb as formulated in the granular
material. The toxicity of aldicarb when injected intraperitoneally or
intravenously is substantially similar to the toxicity via the oral
route, suggesting rapid absorption into the body.
Aldicarb is also highly toxic by dermal exposure; it readily
penetrates the skin, especially moist skin. In contrast, the dermal
toxicity of TEMIKR formulations is extremely low, reflecting the
greatly reduced availability of aldicarb from the formulations.
Moistening the TemikR formulation on the skin during dermal exposure
similarly enhances penetration of aldicarb; granular TemikR
formulations are more toxic in contact with moist skin than with dry
skin.
The oral toxicities of aldicarb and its principal metabolite,
aldicarb sulphoxide, are similar, while the oral toxicity of aldicarb
sulphone is approximately 4% that of aldicarb. The other aldicarb
metabolites are considerably less toxic than these.
Table 1. Acute Toxicity of Aldicarb and Its Metabolites in Animals
LD50
Chemical Species Sex Route Vehicle (mg/kg bw) Reference
Aldicarb Guinea pig oral maize oil 1.0 Nycum and Carpenter 1968
Rabbit oral propylene glycol 1.3 "
Rat M dermal maize oil >10 Field 1979b
Rabbit M dermal maize oil >10 Field 1979a
Aldicarb Metabolites
Aldicarb Mouse M oral maize oil 0.8-1.6 Nycum and Carpenter 1968
sulphoxide Guinea pig oral maize oil 0.8-1.8 "
Rabbit oral maize oil 0.4-1.8 "
Rat M i.p. maize oil 0.71 Johnson and Carpenter 1966
Aldicarb sulphone Mouse M oral maize oil 25 Nycum and Carpenter 1968
Guinea pig oral maize oil >50 "
Rabbit oral maize oil 75 "
Table 1 (con't)
LD50
Chemical Species Sex Route Vehicle (mg/kg bw) Reference
Aldicarb Formulations
10 G gypsum Rat M oral none 7.07 Weil and Carpenter 1972
TSX (a) Rat M oral maize oil 7.9 Wolfe and Bristol 1980
Rat F oral maize oil 6.7 "
10G gypsum Rabbit F oral none 7.9-17.8 Myers et al 1975b; Weil
maize cob and Carpenter 1974a
15G gypsum Rabbit F oral none 5.29-10.6 Myers et al 1975b; Weil
maize cob and Carpenter 1974a
15G maize cob Rabbit F oral none 8.4 Myers et al 1975b
10G gypsum Rat M&F dermal dry 2100->5000 Myers et al 1975b; Weil and
maize cob Carpenter 1970, 1971, 1972, 1974a
10G gypsum Rat M&F dermal water 283-673 Myers et al 1975a,b; Weil and
maize cob Carpenter, 1968, 1969, 1974a.
15G gypsum Rat M&F dermal dry 1980-6320 Myers et al 1975b; Weil and
maize cob Carpenter 1971, 1972, 1974a.
Rat M&F dermal water 283-1010 Myers et al 1975b; Weil and
Carpenter 1974a.
Table 1 (con't)
LD50
Chemical Species Sex Route Vehicle (mg/kg bw) Reference
Aldicarb Formulations (con't)
10G gypsum Rabbit M dermal dry >4800 Weil and Carpenter 1974a
15G gypsum Rabbit M dermal dry >4800 "
TSX1/ Rabbit M&F dermal none >2000 Wolfe et al 1980
1/ TSX is a mixture of Temik (5.5%), Terrachlor fungicide (9.5%) and Terrazole fungicide (2.3%).
Short-Term Studies
Mice - aldicarb sulphone
Groups of Charles River, CD-1 mice (5/sex/group) were fed
aldicarb sulphone in the diet at levels of 0, 0.15, 0.6, 2.4, 9.6 and
38.4 mg/kg for seven days. Body weights were determined on three
separate days. Mice were observed daily for signs of toxicity or
abnormality. Selected organ weights (liver and kidneys) were measured
and their absolute and relative organ weights determined. It was
concluded that only the highest dose produced statistically
significant body weight decrease. There were no dose-related or
statistically significant organ weight changes. Cholinesterase values
were not determined (Weil and Carpenter 1974b).
Rat - aldicarb
Groups of CFE rats (10 per sex per group) were fed aldicarb in
their diet for 93 days at dosage levels of 0, 0.02, 0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg
body weight. One rat per level was killed for cholinesterase (plasma,
RBC and brain) determinations at 1 or 2, 4 and 29 days of dosing. Body
weights, diet consumption and selected organ weights (liver and
kidney) were determined, and histopathological examination of lung,
liver, kidney and trachea were done. Mortality was increased for the
highest dose levels, statistically at the 0.5 mg/kg bw dose level.
Body weight and food consumption were also decreased at the highest
level. Relative liver and kidney weights were not affected at any dose
level in comparison to control. Histopathology of the selected organs
was unremarkable and there were no compound-related effects noted.
There were no consistent dose-related effects on the cholinesterase
determinations, except for plasma cholinesterase depression in both
sexes after 30 days at the highest level. There was no indication of
how soon after feeding the ChE determinations were performed, which
could account for the sporadic results, together with the small number
of animals sampled at each interval (Weil and Carpenter 1963).
Rat - aldicarb sulphoxide: aldicarb sulphone (1:1)
Wistar rats (10 males and 10 females per group) were administered
aldicarb sulphoxide and aldicarb sulphone in a 1:1 ratio, in the
drinking water, ad libitum, for 29 days. Nominal dose levels were 0,
0.075, 0.3, 1.2, 4.8 and 19.2 ppm. Body weight, food and water
consumption, and clinical haematology parameters were measured weekly.
Plasma and red blood cell cholinesterase levels were determined after
8, 15 and 29 days of treatment. Brain cholinesterase was measured at
termination. Animals were continuously exposed to the test substances
in water until blood samples were taken or sacrifice was performed,
Cholinesterase activity in blood and brain was analysed by a
modification of an automated procedure described by Humiston and
Wright (1965), which is an adaptation of the method described by
Ellman et al (1961). Preliminary in vitro enzyme inhibition
kinetic studies verify the methodology as acceptable for defining
reversible carbamate-induced cholinesterase inhibition in rats.
Significant depression of plasma, RBC and brain cholinesterase, in
both sexes, occurred at the highest dose level. Sporadic differences
in plasma and RBC cholinesterase values, which occurred in males only,
were inconsistently depressed and within the range of biological
variability. The data demonstrate that a level of 4.8 ppm of aldicarb
sulphoxide: aldicarb sulphone in water is without effect on
cholinesterase (plasma, RBC, brain) in either sex. Based on the actual
concentrations being approximately 80% of the nominal values, the no-
effect level is roughly 3.84 ppm or 0.384 mg/kg (in water). Food and
water consumption values together with body weight gains were
significantly decreased in both sexes at the high dose level when
compared to controls. There were no such differences at any of the
other dose levels. There was no mortality (Mirro et al 1982).
Rabbit - aldicarb sulphone (dermal)
Aldicarb sulphone (technical and 75 WP) were administered to
the unabraded, but closely clipped, ventral surface of rabbits
(6 males/group, 5 days/week for 19 applications) at dosages of
4.8 mg/kg bw for 75 WP and 3.5, 7.0 and 14.0 mg/kg bw for technical
aldicarb sulphone. No mortality, skin irritation or cholinesterase
depression were observed. However, rabbits were removed from treatment
19 hours prior to ChE analysis, which could account for the lack of
response (ChE depression) considering the rapid reversibility of ChE
inhibition for aldicarb and its ChE-inhibiting metabolites. Body
weight was significantly depressed in the high dose level rabbits.
There were no reported treatment-related effects on organ weights or
organ-to-body weight ratios (liver, kidney, brain). Necropsy findings
were unremarkable (Weil et al 1977).
Observations in Humans
Fifteen male volunteers participated in a study in Panama to
evaluate human exposure in a banana plantation where Temik-15G was
applied under natural conditions. Temperatures ranged from 75°F (24°C)
to 92°F (32°C) with 80 to 90% relative humidity. The workers used
three different types of hand-held applicators. Blood samples were
taken from all volunteers prior to initiating the test and immediately
following each 6-hour working period. Samples were obtained in the
field and analysed 1-2 hours later in the laboratory using the
Boehringer Mannheim method, a photometric test based on the method of
Ellman et al (1961). Urine samples were also collected. Only two
workers showed greater than 25% reduction in their blood
cholinesterase activity (29% and 50%). Spontaneous reversibility was
evident in both cases. The worker with 50% reduction showed 25%
recovery within three hours. Blood samples from the other worker
indicated 100% recovery 24 hours later. Results of blood analyses
indicated that cholinesterase activity was below the normal range
(population) in samples collected from six workers during the second
day of the study. Cholinesterase activity in all samples taken during
the first and third day of the study were within the normal range. No
clinical signs of aldicarb-induced intoxication were found, although
one individual presented symptoms of nausea, stomachache and headache
(Union Carbide 1979).
COMMENTS
Aldicarb, the active ingredient of the nematocide-insecticide
sold under the trade name TEMIKR, is rapidly absorbed and
metabolized by mammals to aldicarb sulphoxide, its major metabolite.
Aldicarb sulphoxide is more slowly degraded to aldicarb sulphone. All
metabolites of aldicarb, both oxidative and hydrolytic, are rapidly
and completely eliminated from the body, 80-90% being excreted within
24 hours, and leave no detectable residues by the fifth day. Data
demonstrate that they are not stored in body tissues.
The toxicological properties of aldicarb and its metabolites have
been assessed in several species of laboratory animals under a variety
of exposure conditions (acute, subchronic and chronic) and routes
(oral by gavage, diet and drinking water; dermal; inhalation and
injection). Aldicarb is extremely toxic acutely, with an oral LD50 in
rats of approximately 1 mg/kg body weight. Aldicarb sulphoxide is a
more potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor than aldicarb, and the
rapid conversion in animals to aldicarb sulphoxide is probably
responsible for the acute toxic reaction associated with aldicarb.
The acute toxicity of aldicarb sulphone is considerably less (LD50 =
20-25 mg/kg) than either aldicarb or aldicarb sulphoxide.
Studies examining the acute and subchronic effects of aldicarb
administered orally to human volunteers and under a variety of actual
working conditions reveal the same pattern of acetylcholinesterase
depression and rapid recovery as that demonstrated in experimental
animals. Depressed cholinesterase levels return rapidly to normal and
symptoms, if any, subside immediately following removal from exposure
to aldicarb. There have been no lasting effects on the health of
volunteers exposed to aldicarb under natural or laboratory conditions.
The toxicological responses of humans to aldicarb and its metabolites,
under such conditions, do not differ from those of laboratory animals.
Aldicarb's inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase is rapidly
reversed following hydrolysis of the carbamylated enzyme to regenerate
active enzyme. In experimental animals and humans, spontaneous
recovery from sublethal doses of aldicarb occurs very rapidly (within
a few hours of exposure). The competition of acetylcholine and
aldicarb for the enzyme's active site, the instability of carbamylated
enzyme, together with the efficient metabolism and high aqueous
solubility of aldicarb, contribute to the spontaneous rapid recovery
of inhibited enzyme. The rate at which acetylcholinesterase activity
recovers makes it difficult to measure acetylcholinesterase inhibition
analytically in the laboratory, and rapid assays must be used under
carefully controls conditions.
Short-term and long-term studies with aldicarb and its sulphone
and sulphoxide metabolites have revealed no neurological,
carcinogenic, mutagenic or teratogenic effects, and no adverse effect
on reproduction. At a dietary dose of 0.25 mg/kg/day, a minimal
depression of blood cholinesterase was observed in rats. In dogs, a
no-effect level was noted at 0.25 mg/kg/day. Cholinesterase levels
(RBC and plasma) were apparently unaffected in this study, although
these were measured after a period that allowed the spontaneous
recovery of the enzyme. In a subchronic study where aldicarb
sulphoxide and sulphone were added to drinking water in a 1:1 ratio,
the no-effect level was observed to be 4.8 ppm, based on
cholinesterase depression. In a 6-month rat feeding study with the
sulphoxide metabolite, the no-effect level for cholinesterase
depression has been accepted as 0.125 mg/kg body weight, with no other
effects observed at higher doses.
These studies demonstrate that the method of administering the
dose to the animal can greatly modify the toxic properties of
aldicarb, as contrasted in the acute oral versus short- and long-term
dietary studies. Rats, mice and dogs have tolerated LD50 doses
repeatedly administered from 7 days to 2 years, when incorporated in
their diet. Similarly, a 1:1 mixture of aldicarb sulphoxide and
aldicarb sulphone when administered in the drinking water to rats for
28 consecutive days at doses equivalent to the LD50 for aldicarb
sulphoxide (e.g. 0.38 to 1.5 mg/kg bw) caused no deaths and only
moderate ChE depression at the high dose. Conversely, a single bolus
of aldicarb or aldicarb sulphoxide equivalent to the above doses, when
administered by gavage or intubation to laboratory animals, caused
death in less than 2 hours. This ability of all animals to survive
daily doses of aldicarb equivalent to single-dose LD50 values
suggests the reduced bioavailability of aldicarb when administered in
the diet. Human volunteers tolerated single oral doses of aqueous
solutions of aldicarb (in doses of 0.025, 0.05 or 0.1 mg/kg) with only
mild depression of whole blood cholinesterase in all cases. Only the
persons receiving 0.1 mg/kg aldicarb presented symptoms of acute
cholinergic stress (i.e. nausea, sweating, pin-point pupils,
salivation). These data indicate that humans are no more sensitive to
aldicarb, aldicarb sulphoxide or aldicarb sulphone than laboratory
animals.
In the light of the data on aldicarb, the spontaneous recovery of
the carbamylated cholinesterase enzyme within a few hours and the
reduced bioavailability from dietary exposure, it is unlikely that
humans exposed to residues of aldicarb in food will suffer any
prolonged or significant cholinesterase depression, provided such
residues are from purposeful use in accordance with GAP (good
agricultural practice) and within established international limits
(MRLs). This is suggested by the no-effect levels determined from
reproduction, teratogenic, carcinogenic, neurotoxic, subchronic and
chronic dietary studies. ChE inhibition is transient and recovery is
rapid and spontaneous.
Accordingly, the Committee has revised the ADI to reflect more
accurately the concern for aldicarb residues that may be present in
foodstuffs.
TOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION
Level Causing no Toxicological Effects
Rat: 2.5 ppm in the diet, equivalent to 0.125 mg/kg bw.
Dog: 0.25 mg/kg bw
Estimate of Acceptable Daily Intake for Man
0 - 0.005 mg/kg bw.
REFERENCES
Babish, J.G. and Salerno, A. Neurotoxicity evaluation of UC 21865
1977 in white Leghorn hens (Gallus domesticus). Report from
Food and Drug Research Laboratories submitted to the World
Health Organization by Union Carbide Corporation.
(Unpublished)
Conroy, W.J. and Carpenter, C.P. UC 21865 Technical and 75% WP
sensitization potential 1977 in guinea pigs as determined by
intradermal injection. Report from Carnegie-Mellon Institute
(No. 40-12) submitted to the World Health Organization by
Union Carbide Corporation. (Unpublished)
Ellmann, G.L. Courtney, K.D., Andres, V. Jr. and Featherstone, R.M.
1961 A new and rapid colorimetric determination of
acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochem. Pharmacol. 7:88.
Field, W.E. Acute dermal toxicity in rabbits. Report from CDC
1979a Research, Inc, (CDC-UC-009-79) submitted to the World Health
Organization by Union Carbide Corporation. (Unpublished)
1979b Acute dermal toxicity in rats. Report from CDC Research,
Inc. (CDC-UC-008-79) submitted to the World Health
Organization by Union Carbide Corporation. (Unpublished)
Humiston, C.G. and Wright, G.J. A new automated method for the
1965 determination of cholinesterase activity. Clin. Chem.
11:802.
Johnson, H.E. and Carpenter, C.P. Temik (technical grade compound
1966 21149). Comparative behavioural effect in rats. Report from
Mellon Institute (No. 29-89) submitted to the World Health
Organization by Union Carbide Corporation. (Unpublished)
Myers, R.C., Weil, C.W. and Carpenter, C.P. Temik, 10G: Acute 4-hour
1975a skin penetration of rats. Report from Mellon Institute (no.
38-40) submitted to the World Health Organization by Union
Carbide Corporation. (Unpublished)
Myers, R.C., Weil, C.S. and Cox, E.F. Temik 19G B.C. (coal); 10G and
1975b 15G (gypsum); 15G (corn cob). Comparative toxicity studies
via peroral, dermal and inhalation routes. Report from
Mellon Institute (no. 38-141) submitted to the World Health
Organization by Union Carbide Corporation. (Unpublished)
Mirro, E.J., DePass, L.R. and Frank, F.R. Twenty-nine day water
1982 inclusion study in rats. Report from Bushy Run Research
Laboratory (no. 45-181) submitted to the World Health
Organization by Union Carbide Corporation. (Unpublished)
Nycum, J.S. and Carpenter, C.P. Toxicity studies on Temik and
1968 related carbamates. Report from Mellon Institute (no. 31-48)
submitted to the World Health Organization by Union Carbide
Corporation. (Unpublished)
Union Carbide. Volunteer worker's exposure monitoring study
1979 (Panama). Report from Union Carbide Corporation submitted to
the World Health Organization by Union Carbide Corporation.
(Unpublished)
Weil, C.S. and Carpenter, C.P. Results of three months of inclusion
1963 of Compound 21149 in the diet of rats. Report from Mellon
Institute (No. 26-47) submitted to the World Health
Organization by Union Carbide Corporation. (Unpublished)
1968 Temik 10G-V (10.3% granular formulation of Compound 21149).
Acute and 14-day dermal application to rabbits. Report from
Mellon Institute (no. 31-137) submitted to the World Health
Organization by Union Carbide Corporation. (Unpublished)
1969 Four-hour wet skin contact test on rats. Report from Mellon
Institute (no. 32-64) submitted to the World Health
Organization by Union Carbide Corporation. (Unpublished)
Weil, C.S. and Carpenter, C.P. Comparative skin penetration toxicity
1970 of Temik 10GV and 15 other pesticide formulations as
marketed. Report from Mellon Institute (No. 33-15) submitted
to the World Health Organization by Union Carbide
Corporation. (Unpublished)
1971 Comparative skin penetration toxicity of Temik, Temik 10GV,
Temik 15GV, and 5 other pesticide formulations as marketed.
Report from Mellon Institute (No. 34-76) submitted to the
World Health Organization. (Unpublished)
1972 Miscellaneous toxicity studies. Report from Mellon Institute
(No. 35-41) submitted to the World Health Organization by
Union Carbide Corporation. (Unpublished)
1974a Temik aldicarb pesticide 10G and 15G. Range-finding toxicity
studies. Report from Mellon Institute (no. 37-39) submitted
to the World Health Organization by Union Carbide
Corporation. (Unpublished)
1974b UC 21865; results of feeding in the diet of mice for 7 days.
Report from Mellon Institute (No. 37-89) submitted to the
World Health Organization by Union Carbide Corporation.
(Unpublished)
Weil, C.S., Conroy, W.J., Condra, N.I. and Cox, E.F. Aldicarb
1977 sulphone UC 21865. 19-day rabbit skin inunction. Report from
Mellon Institute (No. 40-13) submitted to the World Health
Organization by Union Carbide Corporation. (Unpublished)
Woodside, M.D., Weil, C.S. and Cox, E.F. Inclusion in the diet of
1977a rats for three generations (aldicarb sulphone), dominant
lethal mutagenesis and teratology studies. Report from
Carnegie Mellon (no. 40-1) submitted to the World Health
Organization by Union Carbide Corporation. (Unpublished)
1977b Aldicarb sulphone; 18-month feeding in the diet of mice.
Report from Carnegie Mellon (No. 40-38) submitted to the
World Health Organization by Union Carbide Corporation.
(Unpublished)
Wolfe, G.W. and Bristol, K.L. Acute oral toxicity study in rats. Temik
1980 TSX. Report from Hazleton Laboratories America, Inc. (Report
400-631) submitted to the World Health Organization by Union
Carbide Corporation. (Unpublished)
Wolfe, G.W., Voelker, R.W. and Dauvin, E.M. Acute dermal toxicity
1980 studies in rabbits. Temik TSX. Report from Hazleton
Laboratories America, Inc., (Report 400-632) submitted to
the World Health Organization by Union Carbide Corporation.
(Unpublished)
ALDICARB
CH3 O H
' " /
CH3SCCH = NOCN
' \
CH3 CH3
Explanation
Aldicarb was reviewed by the Joint Meeting in 1979 (FAO/WHO
1980b)1/ and maximum residue levels estimated for several major
commodities. As a result of actions and discussions by the Thirteenth
and Fourteenth Sessions of the Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues
(CCPR), additional residue data and good agricultural practice (GAP)
information or other information have been provided to the Meeting for
citrus, potatoes and milk. Residue data and GAP information have also
been provided for the first time for several additional commodities.
These new submissions are reviewed in this addendum.
RESIDUES IN FOOD AND THEIR EVALUATION
USE PATTERN
Aldicarb is sold as a granular formulation (0.5-15% active
ingredient). It may be applied at the stage of pre-planting, planting,
post-emergence or in some crops before or as the new growth begins.
Application may be broadcast or band and the granules are typically
covered with or worked into the soil. A more extensive description has
been provided previously (FAO/WHO 1980b). Labels for currently
registered U.S. uses as well as information on proposed uses were
available to this Meeting and are summarized in Table 1. Typically
only one application annually is recommended. The manufacturer
informed the Meeting that U.S. use directions will cover most user
situations. The manufacturer provided limited agricultural practice
information for Argentina, Brazil, France, Mexico, South Africa and
the United Kingdom. This information and new information provided by
the Netherlands' government are summarized in Table 2.
RESIDUES RESULTING FROM SUPERVISED TRIALS
Brussels sprouts
Residue data were available from 1980 (CIVO 1981) and 1981
(CIVO 1982) supervised trials in the Netherlands. The data resulted
from single applications at planting or one day preplanting of 10G
1/ See Annex 2 for FAO and WHO documentation.
Table 1. Summary of U.S. Federally Registered and Proposes Uses for Aldicarb on
Various Commodities
Registered Uses1/
Time of kg a.i./ha Preharvest
Commodity Formulation Application or 100 m of row Interval (days)
Beans (dry) 15G at planting 0.59-2.4 90
Citrus 15G prior to or 5.5-11.3 30 (for
(grapefruit, during lemons)
lemons, limes, spring flush
oranges) or new growth
Cotton 15G at planting 0.34-3.4 90
Grain sorghum 15G at planting 0.59-1.2 902/
or
6-9.8 g/100 m
Peanuts 15G at planting 1.2-3.4 90
Pecans 15G bud break to 5.5-11.3 -
nut set
Potatoes 15G at planting 1.2-3.5 90
or
after planting 2.3-3.3
or
9.8-30 g/100 m 50
Soybeans 15G at planting 0.84-3.4 90
Sugarbeets 15G at planting 1.8-2.3 90
1 week before
Sugarcane 15G at planting 2.4-3.4 120
(Louisiana only) or
36-52 g/100 m
Sweet potatoes 15G at planting 1.7-3.4 120 (also
or a restriction
21-43 g/100 m on vines)
Table 1 (con't)
Time of kg a.i./ha Preharvest
Commodity Formulation Application or 100 m of row Interval (days)
Grapes 10G just prior to 4.5 120
or or at
15 G beginning of
active vine
growth
Maize 10G at planting 1.1-1.7 60-day
(field corn) or forage feed
10-15 g/100 m restriction.
15G at planting 1.1-1.7 60-day
or forage feed
7-10 g/100 m restriction.
Tomatoes3/ 10G at or just 2.2-3.4
(field grown) prior to or
transplanting 35-54 g/100 m
or seeding
(10g and 15g)
15G 2.2-3.4
or
39-55 g/100 m
1/ U.S. EPA Reg. No. 264-330; EPA EST. 10352-GA-01;
2/ Feeding or foraging before harvest is not recommended as residue levels on green
forage may be unsafe for animals;
3/ Proposed use limited to California and Florida.
Table 2. Summary of Aldicarb Uses in Several Countries1/
Crop Country Formulation Application Preharvest
Rate Interval (days)
Banana Brazil 10G 2-3 g a.i./cova 21
South Africa 15G 3 g a.i./station
(new plt.)
2.6-3 g a.i./mat
twice a year
(established)
Beans Brazil 10G 1-2 kg a.i./ha 80
or
5-10 kg/100 m
Beet Netherlands 10G 1.2-2.5 kg a.i./ha entire growing
(sugarbeet (row at plt.) period.
and fodder)
Brussels Netherlands 10G 3 kg a.i./ha entire growing
sprouts (broadcast, period
worked in)
Citrus Brazil 10G 1-5 g/cova 60
10-20 g/adult tree
Coffee Brazil 10G 3-15 g/cova 90
Cotton Argentina 10G 0.3-3 kg a.i./ha
Brazil 10G 0.6-2 kg a.i/ha
South Africa 15G 0.5-1.5 kg a.i./ha
Figs Brazil 10G 5-10 kg a.i./ha
Garlic Argentina 10G 0.5-3 kg a.i./ha
Leaf U.K. 10G 5.1 g/100 m 70
brassicas2/
(cabbage,
cauliflower,
Brussels
sprouts)
Maize and U.K. 10G 5.1 g/100 m
sweet corn2/ South Africa 15G3/ 11-15 g/100 m
Table 2 (con't)
Crop Country Formulation Application Preharvest
Rate Interval (days)
Onions Argentina 10G 0.5-3 kg a.i./ha
Onions Netherlands 10G 1.5 kg a.i./ha entire growing
(bulbs) (row at sowing) period
Oranges Argentina 10G 22 g/plant
Peanuts Argentina 10G 0.3-2 kg a.i./ha
Peas2/ U.K. 10G 1 kg a.i./ha
(preplant broadcast)
Peppers Argentina 10G 1-3 kg a.i./ha
Potatoes South Africa 15G 2.6-7.5 kg a.i./ha
Netherlands 10G 3 kg a.i./ha
(broadcast and work
in shortly before
plt.)
Ratoon cane South Africa 15G 2.3-3 kg a.i./ha
Sugarcane South Africa 10G 3 kg a.i./ha
Brazil 10G 2-3 kg a.i./ha
Argentina 10G 1.5-3 kg a.i./ha
Swedes and U.K. 10G 7.7 g/100 m row
turnips2/ at planting
Sweet Argentina 10G 2-3 kg a.i./ha
potatoes Brazil 10G 1-2 kg a.i./ha
Tomatoes Argentina 10G 0.5-3 kg a.i./ha
U.K. 10G 55 g active/100 m2
(in propagating house)
0.1 a.i./plant (spot)
75 g a.i./100 m2
1/ Information for Mexico and France was too limited to be useful;
2/ Cleared until 31 March 1981 U.K.;
3/ Only maize.
formulation at or at twice the approved rate (Table 2). At the
approved application rate residues were 0.01 and 0.02 (0.01-
0.03 mg/kg) at 133 and 150 days, respectively, after treatment. At
twice the approved rate, residues were 0.01 and 0.05 (0.04-0.07 mg/kg)
at the same respective periods. In each case, the number of samples
could not be determined from the submission. The values are
uncorrected for approximately 85% analytical method recoveries at 0.05
and 0.06 mg/kg fortification levels.
Citrus
The current 0.2 mg/kg limit is based on extensive data, including
over 200 samples on oranges alone, and on a 90-day preharvest interval
(FAO/WHO 1980b). Additional data have been provided to this Meeting
and have been examined in conjunction with data previously submitted,
along with information on current good agricultural practices. These
additional data include residue data for over 160 additional citrus
samples, including lemons and different varieties of grapefruit and
oranges. Residues in the three lemon samples were < 0.1 mg/kg a.i. at
30-90 days after treatment at the recommended 11 kg a.i./ha. Residues
in grapefruit were < 0.02 for all 18 samples, although the
preharvest intervals were 158-300 days for all 18 samples, except for
one sample (0.02 mg/kg) at 42 days. Of the 100 orange samples, only
one mature fruit sample had residues at the current 0.2 mg/kg limit at
> 90-day preharvest interval and a < 11 kg a.i./ha recommended
application rate. However, maximum residues from this application rate
were 0.29 and 0.31 mg/kg at a 30-day interval and 0.21 at 60 days.
With these recent submissions, the Meeting has examined data for
well over 600 samples of various types and varieties of citrus,
representing mature whole fruit, immature fruit, peel, pulp, numerous
locations, application rates (recommended and higher), types of
applications, cooperators, pre-harvest intervals and split treatments.
These data and conditions are too numerous for tabulation in a concise
manner suitable to this document. Of the total of over 600 samples,
about one third were treated at approximately the maximum recommended
rate (excluding higher rates); these accounted for most of the samples
with residues in excess of the current 0.2 mg/kg limit. Those samples
on mature or ripe citrus, and a few where the stage of maturity is
unknown, with residues exceeding 0.2 mg/kg are summarized in Table 3.
It can be observed that most residues exceeding 0.2 mg/kg are at
intervals after application of less than the 90-day basis for the
current limit. Some of these resulted from other than recommended
agricultural practices. However, it was brought to the attention of
the Meeting that some varieties of citrus have overlapping spring
flush and harvesting seasons (e.g. Valencia) or have continuous fruit
harvesting (lemons). For this reason, preharvest intervals on the
order of 30 to 60 days can be pertinent in practice in some
Table 3. Citrus Samples with Aldicarb Residue Exceeding the Current 0.2 mg/kg Limit1/
Interval After
Species Date Type of Aldicarb Rate Last Treatment Part Residues
Location (Variety) Treated Treatment (lb a.i./A)* (days) Sampled (mg/kg)
Florida Orange 7-30-74 Two 76 cm 10 31 full size fruit,
(Valencia) strips, one pulp 0.11 0.22
on each peel 0.54 (whole basis)
side of tree
Florida Orange 7-30-74 Two 76 cm 10 199 Mature ripe 0.23
(Valencia) strips, one fruit
on each side
of tree
10 15 Ripe fruit 0.213/
30 Ripe fruit 0.253/
60 Ripe fruit 0.363/
Arizona Orange
(Valencia) 3-31-75 Applied with 10 45 Whole mature 0.432/
cyclone spreader, ripe fruit
disc incorporated, 60 Whole mature 0.292/
then irrigated2/ ripe fruit
Arizona Orange
(Valencia) 3-31-75 Split application2/ 5+5 0 Mature ripe 0.282/
and fruit
5-30-75 Applied as above
Table 3 (con't)
Interval After
Species Date Type of Aldicarb Rate Last Treatment Part Residues
Location (Variety) Treated Treatment (lb a.i./A)* (days) Sampled (mg/kg)
Florida Orange 3-25-76 Banded and 10 60 Ripe fruit 0.214/
(Valencia) incorporated on
two sides of
tree row
Florida Orange 3-25-76 Injected into a 10 30 Ripe fruit 0.214/
(Valencia) band on two sides
of tree 60 Ripe fruit 0.294/
Arizona Orange 2-15-77 1.2 m band along 10 60 Ripe fruit 0.25
(Valencia) two sides of
tree row
Israel Orange 5-31-76 Applied beneath 7 47 "whole fruit" 0.23
(Valencia) tree dripline
and incorporated 7 47 "whole fruit" 0.34
Florida Grapefruit 4-8-77 Broadcast and 10 61 Mature fruit 0.22
(variety incorporated in
not given) a band under
trees
Florida Grapefruit 4-8-77 Incorporated 10 42 Mature fruit 0.21
(Marsh) under trees
Table 3 (con't)
Interval After
Species Date Type of Aldicarb Rate Last Treatment Part Residues
Location (Variety) Treated Treatment (lb a.i./A)* (days) Sampled (mg/kg)
Peru Lime 7-23-80 Hand 4.5 31 Mature fruit 0.235/
application
6.25 31 Mature fruit 0.265/
Mexico Lime 4-7-81 Hand application 7.9 42 "whole fruit" 0.345/
(Cridlo) incorporated by 10.7 42 "whole fruit" 0.445/
irrigation on
4-9-81
* 1 lb/A = 1.1 kg/ha
1/ Citrus data sheets previously submitted and newly submitted are in Supplementary Book III of IV, Aldicarb Residue Data on Citrus, July 1982,
submitted by Union Carbide Agricultural Products, Inc. P.O. Box 12014, T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 277091.
Those data previously submitted and the basis for the current 0.2 mg/kg limit were also submitted to the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency in tolerance petitions GF1829 and 9F2201.
2/ Not applied in manner consistent with use directions.
3/ Previously treated 8 months (244 days) earlier which is not consistent with use directions of approximately one year.
4/ "New Residue Data on Citrus", see Ref. 1 for source.
5/ Original studies unavailable.
situations, especially for lemons and Valencia. Although none of the
18 samples of lemons contained residues above 0.1 mg/kg, only two were
harvested at intervals of approximately the 30-day interval that is
considered good agricultural practice (Table 1). All but three were at
91 days or over and most over 140 days. Data on limes (Table 3) do not
exceed 0.3 mg/kg at 42 days although the stage of fruit maturity is
unknown.
Grapes
Aldicarb is not currently registered for use on bearing grapes
although it is said to be registered for nursery grapes in five
countries. All discussions here are based on proposed uses in the U.S.
(Table 1), from which residue data are available.
Residue data are available from 8 states in the U.S. (Table 4),
reflecting the proposed application rate of 4.5 kg a.i./ha, and
include samples from 58-133 days after last application (120 days
recommended). The type of treatment varies widely among the samples.
In many, if not most, the types of treatment either do not closely
follow that of the proposed use or insufficient information is
available to determine just how close the proposed good agricultural
practices are followed.
Most of the higher residues resulted from treatments with
intervals of last treatment to harvest substantially less than the 120
days recommended. At intervals approximately at or exceeding the 120
days, maximum residues are <0.3 mg/kg except for one value at
0.49 mg/kg (sample 7). Two other samples from the same cooperator at
the same and different times (samples 8 and 9) were much lower,
although the methods of application were different.
Residue data were available from processing of grapes (Table 5)
and includes data on raisins, fresh juice, pomace and dry pomace,
wine, stems, trash and leaves (see also Fate of Residues - In Storage
and Processing).
The limit of detection for aldicarb in grapes is approximately
0.02 mg/kg. Recoveries averaged about 87% at fortification levels
ranging from 0.04 - 0.9 mg/kg.
Maize
The Meeting was informed that maize is registered for use in six
countries, although no residue data or current good agricultural
practice information was available for those countries. Data were
available from 27 trials in 13 states in the U.S. representing
proposed good agricultural practice. Data for grain, cobs, green
kernels and green kernels plus cob are summarized in Table 6 (Union
Carbide 1982a and 1982b). From 48 samples of mature grain representing
Table 4. Aldicarb Residues in Ripe Grapes
Interval between
Location Year Variety Rate Treatment and Residues2/ Recovery
lb a.i./A1/ Harvest (days) (mg/kg) (%)
PA 1977 Concord 0 <0.02 87
4 102 0.03
PA 1978 Concord 4 133 <0.02 87
OH 1977 Clinton 4 110 0.03 87
OH 1978 Clinton 0 <0.02 87
4 89 0.02
OH 1979 Clinton 0 <0.02 85
4 109 0.04
OH 1980 Clinton 0 <0.01 91
4 115 0.01
WA 1977 Concord 0 0.033/ 87
4 116 0.494/
(shanked)
4 (broadcast) 116 <0.02
WA 1980 Concord 0 <0.02 94
4 133 <0.02
(76 cm band
incorp. 5 cm)
Table 4. (con't)
Interval between
Location Year Variety Rate Treatment and Residues2/ Recovery
lb a.i./A1/ Harvest (days) (mg/kg) (%)
AZ 1978 Thompson 4 62 0.29
(shanked,
both sides)
AR 1980 Concord 0 <0.01 91
4 118 <0.03
OR 1979 Concord 0 <0.02 73
4 125 0.19
(61 cm area
drip line 2
sides disced)
MI 1980 Concord 0 <0.01 91
4 92 <0.01
CA 1978 Thompson 0 <0.02 87
4 122 <0.02
0 <0.02 87
4 120 <0.02
CA 1977 Thompson 0 0.02 87
4 93 0.42
(91 cm band
shanked 2
sides)
Table 4. (con't)
Interval between
Location Year Variety Rate Treatment and Residues2/ Recovery
lb a.i./A1/ Harvest (days) (mg/kg) (%)
CA 1978 Thompson 4 131 0.08 87
4 122 0.23 87
4 120 0.05 87
(91 cm band
raked in 2
sides)
CA 1977 Riesling 0 <0.02 87
4 70 0.13
CA 1976 Chardonnay 0 <0.02 87
4 58 0.27
(shanked 1.2 m
band 2 sides)
CA 1979 Alicante- 4 130 0.18 97
Bouche 4 130 0.21
4 130 0.18
CA 1979 Muscat of 4 131 0.26 97
4 131 0.15
4 131 0.10
(hand shaker
61 cm band
2 sides)
CA 1979 Thompson 4 127 <0.02 97
Table 4. (con't)
Interval between
Location Year Variety Rate Treatment and Residues2/ Recovery
lb a.i./A1/ Harvest (days) (mg/kg) (%)
CA 1979 Emperor 4 106 0.04
CA 1980 Thompson 0 <0.02 73
4 105 0.11
4(20 G) 105 0.17 73
4 75 0.32
(3 shanks
30 cm apart in
crop 7.6-10 cm)
CA 1980 Thompson 0 <0.02 73
4 119 0.05
CA 1980 Rubired 0 <0.02 73
4 108 0.10
CA 1980 Thompson 0 <0.02 73
4 119 0.11
CA 1980 Tokay 0 <0.02 93
4 127 0.17
CA 1980 Tokay 0 <0.02 93
4 129 <0.02
Table 4. (con't)
Interval between
Location Year Variety Rate Treatment and Residues2/ Recovery
lb a.i./A1/ Harvest (days) (mg/kg) (%)
CA 1980 Thompson 0 <0.02 93
4 119 <0.02
CA 1980 Thompson 0 <0.02 93
4 125 0.09
4 125 0.11
1/ Treatment at maximum proposed rate of 4 lb a.i./A; 15g formulation except where indicated
otherwise; 1 lb/A = 1.1 kg/ha.
2/ Corrected for recoveries shown.
3/ Said to be contaminated.
4/ Average of duplicate samples (0.48 and 0.49 mg/kg).
Table 5. Concentration of Aldicarb Residues in Grape Processing Products or Related
Products1/
Residue (mg/kg)
Processed Residue Residue Range Concentration Factor
Grape Number of Range in in Processed
Product Samples Grapes Product Range Average
Raisins 25 0.02-2.3 0.02-2.2 1-4.52/ 1.6
Pomace 163/ 0.04-3.3 0.03-3.1 0.5-2.34/ 1.15/
Fresh juice 17 0.04-3.3 0.02-1.8 0.5-2.46/ 0.9
Wine 13 0.04-3.3 0.02-2.37/ 0.2-0.77/ 0.48/
Stems 4 0.04-2.59/ 0.13-2.5 1-3.2 1.7
Raisin trash 7 0.02-0.3 0.9-2.810/ 1-2.411/ 2
lees 4 0.04-2.5 0.03-1.4 0.6-8.0 0.7
1/ Union Carbide 1982b.
2/ 2.5 or less except the 4.5 factor resulting from grapes with residues of 0.04 mg/kg.
7 of 25 a factor of 2 or greater.
3/ 7 pomace, 9 dry pomace.
4/ 5 of 16 a factor of 1.5 or greater.
5/ Regardless of whether "pomace" or dry pomace.
6/ All factors 0.9 or less except 2.5 factor.
7/ Excludes residues up to 3.6 mg/kg in first sediments.
8/ Excluding 3.1 apparent aberrant value.
9/ Two applications at label rate is not considered "good agricultural practice".
10/ High value treated according to proposed label
11/ Includes factors at 2.3, 2.4, 2.4.
Table 6. Aldicarb Residues in Maize (Field Corn) Grain
Interval Between
Rate Treatment and Residue
Location Year Variety lb a.i./A1/ Harvest (days) (mg/kg) Code2/
NC 1976 Golden 1.5 163 <0.01 C
Harvest 163 <0.02
NC 1976 Golden 0 <0.01
Harvest 1.5 159 <0.01
0 <0.02 C
1.5 159 <0.02 C
GA 1976 DeKalb 0 <0.01
XL-80 1.5 133 <0.01
1.5 133 <0.01
1.5 133 <0.01
1.5 133 <0.01
IA 1977 DeKalb 1.5 91 <0.02 K*
XL-25 1.5 116 <0.02 K*
1.5 146 <0.02
1.5 146 <0.02 C
IA 1977 DeKalb 1.5 77 0.04 K*
43A 103 <0.02 K*
133 <0.02
133 <0.02 C
GA 1977 Funks 0 <0.02
G-4810 1.5 127 <0.02
MO 1977 Pioneer 1.5 125 <0.02 +*
3388 1.5 167 <0.02
1.5 167 <0.02 C
MO 1977 Pioneer 0 <0.02
3388 1.5 156 <0.02
0 <0.02 C
1.5 156 <0.02 C
OK 1977 DeKalb 0 <0.02
XL-75 1.5 158 <0.02
0 <0.02 C
1.5 158 <0.02 C
Table 6 (con't)
Interval Between
Rate Treatment and Residue
Location Year Variety lb a.i./A1/ Harvest (days) (mg/kg) Code2/
KS 1979 Pioneer 0 <0.02
3183 1.5 128 <0.02
IL 1979 B73 X 0 <0.02
M017 1.5 151 <0.02
CA 1980 Pioneer 0 <0.02
3541 1.5 126 <0.02
MO 1980 Pioneer 1.5 138 <0.02
3183
NC 1980 Coker 0 <0.02
1.5 134 0.03
MI 1980 NK, PX-7 0 <0.02
1.5 134 <0.02
NC 1980 Pioneer 0 <0.02
3184 1.5 143 <0.02
MS 1980 Trucker's 0 <0.02
Favorite 1.5 113 <0.02
IA 1980 Jacques 0 <0.02
JX-177 1.5 123 <0.02
IA 1981 Pioneer 0 <0.02
3780 1.5 151 <0.02
1.5 151 <0.02
1.5 151 <0.02
IA 1981 Pioneer 1.5 151 <0.02
3780 1.5 151 0.03
1.5 151 0.02
Table 6 (con't)
Interval Between
Rate Treatment and Residue
Location Year Variety lb a.i./A1/ Harvest (days) (mg/kg) Code2/
Clayton 1981 Northrup 1.5 152 0.02
NC King <0.02
0.02
1981 Northrup 1.5 152 <0.02
King 0.23
<0.02
0 <0.02
CA 1981 XL-72AA 0 <0.02
1.5 175 <0.02
1.5 175 <0.02
1.5 175 <0.02
MS 1981 DeKalb 0 <0.03
XL-72B 1.5 119 <0.03
1.5 119 <0.03
1.5 119 <0.03
CO 1981 Pioneer 0 <0.02
3360 1.5 108 <0.02
1.5 108 <0.02
1.5 108 <0.02
TX 1981 Horizon 0 <0.02
870 1.5 87 <0.02
1.5 87 <0.02
1.5 87 <0.02
NM 1981 Funk 0 <0.02
G4449 1.5 78 <0.02
1.5 78 <0.02
1.5 78 <0.02
1/ Formulation: 15g; 1 lb/A = 1.1 kg/ha.
2/ Code:
C : Cobs, with grain removed, sampled at maturity;
K* : Green kernels samples before maturity;
+* : Green kernels plus cobs sampled before maturity. All residues values with no
code designation represent shelled grain sampled at maturity;
: Less than
All residue values include correction for recovery.
21 varieties, residues ranged from <0.01-0.23 mg/kg at 78 to 175 days
after last treatment at the proposed rate. The 0.23 mg/kg appears to
be aberrant since all other samples were 0.03 or less. Even at the
same site and date, by either band or in-furrow application, five
other replicates were < 0.02 mg/kg. Maximum residues on untreated
samples were <0.03 mg/kg. Maximum residues were 0.04 mg/kg and
0.02 mg/kg on the few samples of cob and green kernels or green
kernels plus cob, respectively. A limit of 0.05 mg/kg is supported for
maize (field corn) grain.
Forage
Residues on 57 samples of maize (field corn) (whole green plants
prior to maturity) ranged from <0.02 mg/kg - 11 mg/kg in 17 trials at
60 to 103 days after treatment. The results are summarized in Table 7.
Residues from one location (Clayton, NC) are generally higher than
other locations, even within the same state. At this location,
residues ranged from 0.6 - 11 mg/kg and averaged 3.5 mg/kg from 18
samples in 6 trials. High apparent residues (up to 4.8 mg/kg) in
untreated samples in two of the trials suggest possible contamination
of untreated samples or analytical problems.
Disregarding data from this location, residues on the remaining
49 samples ranged from <0.02 - 1.6 mg/kg. The 1.6 mg/kg value and the
next higher residue at 1.3 mg/kg, under some assumptions, might be
considered outliers since the next highest value without the Clayton,
NC, studies would be 0.34 mg/kg. A limit of 10 mg/kg is supported
(20 mg/kg on a dry weight basis).
In 43 samples of maize (field corn) fodder (stover, or whole
stalks, with ears removed) at maturity, residues ranged from
<0.02-1.6 mg/kg at 87-175 days after treatment (Table 8). As in the
case of forage, residues from the one location (2 trials, 6 samples
with residues ranging from 0.07-1.6 mg/kg) were generally higher than
other locations for which the residue range was <0.02-0.9 mg/kg,
However, the difference is not as great and the control value from
that location was typical of other locations (<0.02 mg/kg). If a
separate limit is proposed for fodder, a 2 mg/kg limit is supported.
The analytical method was validated on ears and shucks with 98%
recoveries at fortification levels of 0.08-0.09 mg/kg. During field
trials, recoveries generally ranged from 72-113% for grain, forage and
fodder.
Pecans
Good agricultural practice information and residue data were
available from one country. Data reasonably reflect the recommended
single application at a rate of 5-10 lb. a.i./acres (5.5-11 kg/ha),
method of application (two 1.2-1.8m bands on two sides of tree row at
Table 7. Aldicarb Residues in Maize (Field Corn) Forage
Interval between
Rate1/ Treatment and Residue2
Location Year Variety lb a.i./A Harvest (days) (mg/kg)
IA 1977 DeKalb 1.5 91 0.19
XL-25 116
IA 1977 DeKalb 1.5 77 1.6
43A 103 0.34
CA 1980 Pioneer 0 <0.02
3541 1.5 70 0.21
0 <0.02
1.5 100 0.06
MO 1980 Pioneer 0 <0.02
3183 1.5 102 0.03
MI 1980 NK, 0 <0.02
PX-7 1.5 77 0.03
NC 1980 NC 1.5 111 <0.02
MS 1980 Trucker's 0 <0.02
Favorite 1.5 71 0.05
IA 1980 Jacques 0 <0.02
JX-177 1.5 81 0.12
1.5 97 0.09
IA 1981 Pioneer 1.5 61 0.15
3780 1.5 61 0.19
1.5 61 0.03
0 <0.02
1.5 81 1.3
1.5 81 0.08
1.5 81 0.05
1.5 101 0.03
1.5 101 0.12
1.5 101 0.04
Table 7 (con't)
Interval between
Rate1/ Treatment and Residue2
Location Year Variety lb a.i./A Harvest (days) (mg/kg)
IA 1981 Pioneer 1.5 61 0.07
3780 1.5 61 0.32
1.5 61 0.20
1.5 81 0.02
1.5 81 0.02
1.5 81 0.03
0 <0.02
1.5 101 0.05
1.5 101 0.04
1.5 101 0.04
MS 1981 DeKalb 1.5 61 0.11
XL-72B 1.5 61 0.17
1.5 61 0.13
0 <0.03
1.5 84 0.08
1.5 84 0.05
1.5 84 0.09
1.5 103 0.03
1.5 103 0.08
1.5 103 <0.03
Clayton 6/2/81 Northrup 1.5 60 4.2
NC King 9.1
6.6
6/22/81 Northrup 1.5 80 4.4
King 9.9
3.6
0 (control) 4.8
7/12/81 Northrup 1.5 100 0.66
King 1.3
1.9
Table 7 (con't)
Interval between
Rate1/ Treatment and Residue2
Location Year Variety lb a.i./A Harvest (days) (mg/kg)
Clayton 6/2/81 Northrup 1.5 60 1.3
NC King 1.5
1.2
6/22/81 Northrup 1.5 80 3.1
King 2.7
1.6
7/12/81 Northrup 1.5 100 1.3
King 11
0.71
0 0.60
1/ Residues in whole, green plants prior to maturity;
Formulation: 15 g;1 lb/A = 1.1 kg/ha.
2/ All residue values corrected for recovery.
bud break) and normal interval from application from five states of
the U.S. as summarized in Table 9 (Union Carbide 1982c and 1982d).
Substantially more recent data were available, but did not reasonably
reflect recommended usage or available information did not permit such
a determination. In those cases summarized in Table 9 where the method
of application did not closely follow label directions, residues would
be expected to equal if not exceed those resulting from the
recommended method.
At recommended application rates, residues in kernels ranged from
<0.01-0.27 mg/kg. Although the 0.27 value (uncorrected for 80-90%
recoveries and an average of 0.22 and 0.32) resulted from applications
on four sides of the tree instead of two; good agricultural practice
was reasonably followed. Corrected for recovery, a maximum residue
approaching 0.4 mg/kg could reasonably be expected on occasion,
although in most cases residues could be expected to be
< 0.3 mg/kg. Controls were generally <0.01 and 0.02 for kernels
and shells respectively. A 0.5 mg/kg limit can be supported for
kernels.
Table 8. Aldicarb Residues in Maize (Field Corn) Stover (Fodder)
Interval Between
Location Year Variety Rate1/ Treatment and Residue2/
lb a.i./A Harvest (days) (mg/kg)
NC 1976 Golden 1.5 163 0.04
Harvest
NC 1976 Golden 1.5 159 0.04
Harvest
IA 1977 DeKalb 1.5 146 0.04
XL-25
IA 1977 DeKalb 1.5 133 0.07
43A
GA 1977 Funks 0 <0.02
G4810 1.5 127 <0.02
MO 1977 Pioneer 1.5 167 <0.02
3388
MO 1977 Pioneer 0 <0.02
3388 1.5 156 <0.02
OK 1977 DeKalb 0 <0.02
XL-75 1.5 158 0.05
KS 1979 Pioneer 0 <0.02
3183 1.5 128 0.03
IL 1979 B73X 0 0.07
M017 1.5 151 0.09
CA 1980 Pioneer 0 <0.02
3541 1.5 126 0.15
MO 1980 Pioneer 0 <0.02
3183 1.5 138 <0.02
NC 1980 Coker 0 <0.02
1.5 134 <0.02
NC 1980 Pioneer 0 <0.02
3184 1.5 143 0.03
Table 8 (con't)
Interval Between
Location Year Variety Rate1/ Treatment and Residue2/
lb a.i./A Harvest (days) (mg/kg)
MS 1980 Trucker's 0 <0.02
Favorite 1.5 113 0.07
IA 1980 Jacques 0 <0.02
JX-177 1.5 123 <0.02
IA 1981 Pioneer 0 0.02
3780 1.5 151 0.02
1.5 151 <0.02
1.5 151 0.02
IA 1981 Pioneer 1.5 151 0.02
3780 1.5 151 <0.02
1.5 151 <0.02
Clayton 9/2/81 Northrup 1.5 152 0.22
NC King 0.07
0.17
9/2/81 Northrup 1.5 152 0.02
King 1.6
0.06
0 <0.02
CA 1981 XL-72AA 0 0.16
1.5 175 0.90
1.5 175 0.33
1.5 175 0.54
MS 1981 DeKalb 0 <0.03
XL-72B 1.5 119 <0.03
1.5 119 <0.03
1.5 119 <0.03
CO 1981 Pioneer 0 <0.03
3360 1.5 108 <0.03
1.5 108 0.03
1.5 108 0.05
Table 8 (con't)
Interval Between
Location Year Variety Rate1/ Treatment and Residue2/
lb a.i./A Harvest (days) (mg/kg)
TX 1981 Horizon 0 <0.02
870 1.5 87 0.05
1.5 87 <0.02
1.5 87 <0.02
NM 1981 Funk 0 <0.02
G449 1.5 78 <0.02
1.5 78 0.03
1.5 78 0.02
1/ Residues in whole stalks, with ears removed, at maturity;
Formulation: 15 g; 1 lb/A = 1.1 kg/ha.
2/ All residue values corrected for recovery.
In shells (a feed item) residues are concentrated an average of
about four times more than in kernels. Maximum residues were 1.1 mg/kg
in shells from the maximum recommended application rate. A limit of
1 mg/kg should be adequate, if a limit is required.
Some residue data for green nuts were also available. Generally,
residues in green hulls were approximately twice that on immature
shells and that on immature shells about twice that on kernels. No
clear or consistent relationship can be drawn between immature and
mature kernels, both being higher or lower at times.
Recoveries of aldicarb sulphoxide and sulphone were 84% and 94%
respectively in kernels fortified at 0.02-0.09 mg/kg. Similar
recoveries were attained for shells (a feed item) fortified at
0.04-0.35 mg/kg. A realistic limit of determination of 0.02 mg/kg can
be attained for both kernels and shells.
Potatoes
The Meeting previously estimated a maximum residue level of
1.0 mg/kg for aldicarb in potatoes (FAO/WHO 1980b). At its 14th
Session, the CCPR recommended a limit of 0.5 mg/kg based on
information that some countries had revised their GAP to permit lower
MRLs and because some delegations objected to the 1.0 mg/kg limit,
which had been under discussion.
Table 9. Total Aldicarb Residues in Pecans at Harvest
Interval after Aldicarb Residues2/ (mg/kg)
Rate1/ last
Location Year lb a.i./A Application Kernels Shells Whole Nut
Georgia (Calculated)
1976 2 197 0.02 0.04 0.03
4 0.04 0.13 0.08
6 0.07 0.20 0.13
8 0.09 0.51 0.30
10 0.11 0.12 0.12
10 183 0.10 0.27 0.17
20 0.12 0.55 0.32
5 + 5 106 0.17 0.50 0.33
1975 2 180 0.01 0.03 0.02
4 0.02 0.06 0.04
6 0.01 0.04 0.02
8 0.03 0.09 0.05
10 0.01 0.05 0.03
1976 5-6 188 0.06
10 185 0.27
20 0.16
1975 9.6 ca. 180 0.03
19.2 0.04 (average of replicates)
38.4 0.13
Alabama
1976 5 171 0.08
10 0.05
South Carolina
1976 5 181 0.05 0.61 0.32
10 0.12 1.1 0.60
20 0.30 1.7 0.97
1976 5 268 0.01 0.02 0.02
10 0.01 0.04 0.03
Table 9 (con't)
Interval after Aldicarb Residues2/ (mg/kg)
Rate1/ last
Location Year lb a.i./A Application Kernels Shells Whole Nut
Mississippi
1976 6 189 0.01
12 0.13
24 0.08
New Mexico
1979 2 169 0.04
133 <0.02
2.5 169 <0.02 <0.02
133 0.09 0.17
1/ 1 lb/A = 1.1 kg/ha;
2/ Uncorrected for recoveries of 80-90%;
3/ Closely approximate recommended 4-6 ft, (1.2-1.8 m) band on two sides of the tree row.
The 1982 JMPR was informed that aldicarb is registered for use on
potatoes in 32 countries although good agricultural practice
information was provided to this Meeting only for the Netherlands,
South Africa and the U.S. (Table 2). Also provided were previously
submitted and new residue data, mostly from the U.S. (some Canadian),
where aldicarb application rates on potatoes have been revised
downward and other restrictions imposed.
Residue data were available from well over 600 samples from
Canada and 24 states in the U.S. for the period 1964-1979 and
represent application rates from 1-3 lb a.i./A (1.1 - 3.3 kg/ha)
either at planting, after planting or split applications.
Approximately 40% of data were new. Residues in 144 untreated controls
ranged from <0.01 to 0.11 mg/kg. The data are too numerous for a
detailed summarization.
Data from 240 samples treated at time of planting at a rate of
2.3 lb a.i./A (2.2-3.3 kg/ha) with granular formulations (10G, 10GV,
10G-1968 or 15 G) and a minimum of 90 days (GAP) are summarized in
Table 10 (Union Carbide 1982e and 1982f). Sixteen of the 240 exceeded
0.5 mg/kg. Five of the 16 were from Canada at 90-91 days after
planting (DAP) on immature tubers. Four of the five were >1 mg/kg.
Eight of the 16 were on the Pungo variety grown in Virginia, three of
which were on immature potatoes (90-101 DAP) and the rest were on
immature potatoes.
Table 11 summarizes residues > 0.5 mg/kg on mostly immature
potatoes treated at 2-3 lb a.i./A (2.2-3.3 kg/ha) at planting for the
60-89 DAP interval. The 26 values are from a total of 41 at this
interval and application rate. Most of these approach or exceed
1.0 mg/kg. Again, Canadian data are noticeably and inexplicably
higher. Data on the Pungo variety from one site in Virginia again tend
to be higher than other varieties in other states. Data were
unavailable for other varieties or sites in Virginia or the Pungo
variety in other states.
Data were also available for 63 samples treated at rates of
< 2 lb a.i./A (2.2 kg/ha) (all <0.5 mg/kg) and for 65 treated at
>3 lb active/A (3.3 kg/ha) and a 90 DAP minimum. For the latter,
residues ranged from <0.5 mg/kg on 46 samples, 0.5-1.0 mg/kg on 9 and
>1 mg/kg on 10. These are of less importance for estimating residue
levels as they do not reflect good agricultural practices reported to
this Meeting, except those from South Africa (no residue data were
available).
Eighty potato samples were available from post-plant sidedress
applications from 0.5 - 11 lb a.i./A (0.55-12 kg/ha) and days after
last application ranging from 25-175. All residues were <0.5 mg/kg.
Although no information on registered uses permitting split
applications to potatoes was available to the Meeting, residue data
were available and are summarized for 100 samples in Table 12. These
data suggest that residues would not exceed 0.5 mg/kg if a
1-2 lb a.i./A (1.1-2.2 kg/ha) application at planting is followed by a
1-2 lb (1.1-2.2 kg/ha) post-planting sidedress and a 90-day interval
from last application to harvest is observed.
The 1.0 mg/kg level previously estimated was based on a 120-day
interval from last application to harvest. Good agricultural practices
reported to this Meeting permit harvest at 90 days and 6.7% of samples
treated in the U.S. and Canada at 2.3 lb a.i./A (2.2-3.3 kg/ha) at the
90-day interval or longer exceeded 0.5 mg/kg. The 1.0 mg/kg limit is
confirmed.
Table 10. Total Aldicarb Carbamate Residues in Potato Tubers; a Minimum of 90 Days Following Application of Granular Formulations
Residue Levels From Residue Levels From
2-2.5 lb a.i/A At Planting (mg/kg)1/ 2-75- 3.0 lb a.i./A at Planting (mg/kg)
0.01 - 0.11- 0.21- 0.31- 0.41- 0.10- 0.11- 0.21- 0.31- 0.41-
Location <0.01 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 >0.51 <0.01 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 >0.51 TOTAL
Canada 4 1 1 52/ 11
U.S.:
North Dakota 1 6 2 9 18
Oregon 2 1 3
Washington 2 1 4 2 1 10
Arizona 5 1 1 7
California 2 16 7 6 2 33
Colorado 1 1 1 2 1 6
Connecticut 1 1
Delaware 1 1 2
Florida 2 2 4
Idaho 3 1 17 5 2 1 1 13/ 31
Indiana 1 1
Maine 2 5 2 3 12
Michigan 1 1 10 2 14
Table 10 (con't)
Residue Levels From Residue Levels From
2-2.5 lb a.i/A At Planting (mg/kg)1/ 2-75- 3.0 lb a.i./A at Planting (mg/kg)
0.01 - 0.11- 0.21- 0.31- 0.41- 0.10- 0.11- 0.21- 0.31- 0.41-
Location <0.01 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 >0.51 <0.01 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 >0.51 TOTAL
Minnesota 2 5 1 1 2 11
North Carolina 1 1 2 1 14/ 6
New Hampshire 1 1 2
New Jersey 1 1 2
New York 1 3 4 7 3 4 15/ 23
Ohio 2 5 7
Pennsylvania 1 1
Rhode Island 1 1
Texas 2 2
Virginia 2 2 1 56/ 2 1 2 1 37/ 19
Table 10 (con't)
Residue Levels From Residue Levels From
2-2.5 lb a.i/A At Planting (mg/kg)1/ 2-75- 3.0 lb a.i./A at Planting (mg/kg)
0.01 - 0.11- 0.21- 0.31- 0.41- 0.10- 0.11- 0.21- 0.31- 0.41-
Location <0.01 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 >0.51 <0.01 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 >0.51 TOTAL
Wisconsin 3 5 2 3 13
Total 3 36 16 2 2 1 5 5 79 36 24 14 6 11 240
1/ 1 lb/A = 1.1 kg/ha;
2/ 4 of these 5 exceeded the 1.0 mg/kg tolerance; currently under investigation; rate = 3.0 lb a.i./A; 90-91 days following last application;
0.98, 1.1, 1.5, 0.83, mg/kg. Original studies unavailable;
3/ Rate = 3.0 lb a.i./A; 89 days following last application; Immature; 0.72 mg/kg;
4/ Rate = 3.0 lb a.i./A; formulation 10g-1968 trial conducted on Union Carbide farm; immature tubers; 91 days following last application;
0.82 mg/kg;
5/ Rate = 3.0 lb a.i./A; 100 days following last application; immature tubers; 0.54 mg/kg;
6/ Rate = 2.0 lb a.i./A; 1 sample from plot receiving 10GV formulation, 98 - 127 days following last application; immature 1; mature 4; Variety
- Pungo; 0.76, 0.66, 0.53, 0.60, 0.97 mg/kg;
7/ Rate = 3.0 lb a.i./A; 90-101 days following last application; immature tubers; variety - Pungo; 0.69, 0.69, 0.69 mg/kg.
Table 11. Aldicarb Residues in Potato Tubers Following Application at Planting of
10G or 15G Formulations
Application rate Days After
Location Variety (lb a.i./A)1/ Application Residue (mg/kg)2/
Canada Unknown 3 80 1.5, 2.4
3 85 1.6
3 79 3.4, 2.7, 2.5
3 84 2.4, 1.3, 2.1
U.S.:
CA Kennebec 3 70 0.84
ID Russet 3 67 0.67
Burbank 3 89 0.72
NY Superior 3 81 0.62
ME Ketahdin 3 63 0.78
NC Maine Cobbler 3 57 0.98
NC Irish Cobbler 3 77 0.99
NC Irish Cobbler 3 61 3
NC Irish Cobbler 3 77 1.2
VA Pungo 2 66 2.9
VA Pungo 2 86 1.4
VA Pungo 2 66 0.73
VA Pungo 2 86 0.69
VA Pungo 2 86 0.72
VA Pungo 2 66 1.0
VA Pungo 3 70 1.5
VA Pungo 3 70 0.93 (sulphoxide)
1/ 1 lb/A = 1.1 kg/ha
2/ The 26 values above 0.5 mg/kg are from a total of 41 "at planting"
applications at given application rate and interval. Samples were described
as "immature tubers" except in two cases that were described as "tubers".
Table 12. Residues in Potatoes Resulting from Supervised Trials
Using Split Application of Aldicarb Granular Formulation
Application Interval Following
Rate Last Application Residue
State (lb a.i./A)1/ (days) (mg/kg)
CA 1.0 + 1.0 52 0.09
1.5 + 1.5 52 0.13
CT 2.0 + 1.0 124 0.022/
ID 1.5 + 1.5 128 0.07
3.0 + 3.0 120 0.04
3.0 + 3.0 133 0.15
ME 2.0 + 1.0 69 0.26
3.0 + 3.0 90 0.84
MI 1.5 + 1.5 94 0.15
NC 3.0 + 3.0 15 0.10
3.0 + 3.0 15 1.20
3.0 + 3.0 34 0.46
3.0 + 3.0 57 0.14
3.0 + 3.0 58 0.24
ND 1.5 + 1.5 75 0.03
NJ 1.5 + 1.5 93 0.01
1.5 + 1.5 106 0.05
NY 1.5 + 1.5 62 0.06
2.0 + 1.0 62 0.05
2.0 + 2.0 93 0.36
2.0 + 3.0 93 0.62
3.0 + 2.0 93 0.36
3.0 + 2.0 90 0.31
3.0 + 2.0 70 0.28
3.0 + 3.0 85 0.57
3.0 + 3.0 110 0.42
3.0 + 3.0 42 2.2
3.0 + 3.0 76 0.99
Table 12 (con't)
Application Interval Following
Rate Last Application Residue
State (lb a.i./A)1/ (days) (mg/kg)
3.8-4.8 + 1.8-2.1 107 <0.01
" 109 0.29
" 72 0.41
" 86 0.29
" 106 0.29
" 110 0.25
" 90 0.34
" 106 0.47
" 73 0.35
" 88 0.37
" 108 0.46
" 108 0.46
" 108 0.34
" 107 0.40
" 109 0.25
" 73 0.24
" 87 0.20
" 108 0.20
" 108 0.21
" 108 0.17
" 108 0.61
" 108 0.25
" 69 0.41
" 84 0.52
" 103 0.52
" 72 0.63
" 86 0.31
" 107 0.86
" 85 0.70
" 110 0.54
" 42 1.40
" 76 0.97
4.0 + 3.0 85 0.58
" 110 0.48
" 42 2.10
" 76 1.30
4.5 + 4.2 90 0.43
" 108 0.47
Table 12 (con't)
Application Interval Following
Rate Last Application Residue
State (lb a.i./A)1/ (days) (mg/kg)
5.0 + 2.1 74 0.17
" 89 0.11
" 108 0.23
" 110 0.59
" 110 0.59
" 108 0.46
" 109 0.19
" 85 0.90
" 110 0.61
" 85 0.79
" 110 0.61
" 42 2.2
" 76 1.0
6.0 + 2.1 103 0.54
OR 1.5 + 1.5 177 0.01
3.0 + 3.0 114 0.093/
" 114 0.113/
" 76 0.34
WA 0.9 + 1.4 104 <0.01
1.5 + 1.5 162 0.09
" 142 0.02
2.0 + 4.0 24 0.59
" 43 0.53
" 70 0.19
" 99 0.55
Table 12 (con't)
Application Interval Following
Rate Last Application Residue
State (lb a.i./A)1/ (days) (mg/kg)
WA 3.0 + 3.0 85 0.45
" 163 1.40
" 49 0.76
" 69 0.46
" 99 0.15
" 125 0.18
" 107 0.98
" 112 0.02
" 112 0.14
1/ lb/A = 1.1 kg/ha;
2/ First application 7 days preplanting;
3/ At emergence + sidedress.
Sample totals: 1.0+1.0 - 1; 0.9 + 1.4-1; 1.5+1.5-10; 2.0+1.0-3;
2.0 + 2.0-1; 2.0 + 3.0-1; 2.0 + 4.0-4; 3.0 + 2.0-3; 3.0 + 3.0-24;
3.8-4.8 + 1.8-2.1-32; 4.0 + 3.0-4; 4.5+4.2-2; 5.0 + 2.1-13; 6.0+2.1-1.
Sorghum Grain and Sorghum Fodder
Aldicarb is said to be registered for use on sorghum in four
countries; good agricultural practice information and residue data
were available only for the U.S. (Union Carbide 1982c and 1982d).
Forty-five grain samples from six states (1970-1980) were treated
at planting at approximately the recommended 0.5-1 lb a.i./A (0.55-
1.1 kg/ha) rate and harvested at or near the normal harvest (92-170
days after treatment except for 4 at 75 days). Residues ranged from
<0.01 to 0.13 mg/kg (0.025 mg/kg av.).
Residues in fodder from 22 of these samples ranged from
<0.01-0.4 mg/kg (av. 0.05 mg/kg). The residue distribution for the
grain and fodder were:
No. of Samples at each
Residue Level
Residue (mg/kg) Grain Fodder
<0.02 37 16
0.02 0 1
0.03 3 1
0.04 3 0
0.05 0 1
0.06-0.08 0 0
0.09 1 1
0.10 0 0
0.13-0.14 1 1
0.4 0 1
45 22
At higher than recommended rates (1.53x) residues on 14 samples
of grain ranged from <0.01-0.1 mg/kg (0.025 mg/kg av.) and on samples
of fodder, <0.02-0.25 mg/kg (0.06 mg/kg av.). A minimal amount of
data were available on milling products (see "Fate of Residues").
Considering that most of the residues were not corrected for
recoveries of approximately 90%, maximum residue levels of 0.2 and
0.5 mg/kg respectively for sorghum grain and fodder can be supported.
Some residue data were also available for green forage with a
maximum residue of 12.4 mg/kg at 40 days after a 1.2 lb a.i./A
(1.3 kg/ha) treatment at planting. This declined to 0.17 and
0.05 mg/kg at 68 days and at harvest respectively. Other studies
showed similar declines. However, because of potential danger to
animals, feeding or foraging prior to grain harvest is not considered
good agricultural practice in the U.S. Analytical recoveries of
aldicarb residues were generally > 90% in sorghum grain and fodder
at fortification levels of 0.04-2.2 mg/kg. The limit of determination
is approximately 0.02 and 0.04 mg/kg for grain and forage
respectively.
Sugarcane
The Meeting was informed that aldicarb is registered for use on
sugarcane in 26 countries. Good agricultural practice information was
available for Argentina, Brazil, South Africa and the U.S. Residue
data were available mostly from the U.S. and South Africa and some
from India, Indonesia and Pakistan.
A 120-day preharvest interval is imposed in the U.S. for a single
application at planting. Normal harvest may be as soon as 6.5 months
for first or second stubble crops or approximately 12-14 months for
some autumn plantings. No information on preharvest intervals was
available for countries other than the U.S. A summary of U.S. and
Puerto Rico residue data in given in Table 13 (Union Carbide 1982c and
1982d).
Residues on stalks at 123 days or longer in the U.S. ranged from
<0.01 mg/kg to 0.02 mg/kg when applications were 0.6-1.3 × the
maximum recommended application rate, even with a split application.
Untreated controls we