Trichothecenes Appendices (JECFA 47, 2001)

Trichothecenes Appendix 1.

Methods for screening for B-trichothecenes and particularly for deoxynivalenol^a

Reference^b	Matrix	Amount of sample (g)	Extraction	Clean-up	Technique
Malone et al. (1998)	Wheat, barley, maize, bran, oats	25	CH₃CN/H₂O	Mycosep	Fluorometric determination after derivatization
Trucksess et al. (1987)	Corn, wheat, barley	50	CH₃CN:H₂O: MeOH (70:25:5) 200ml, shake 60 min	Carbon column C18 column	TLC fluorodensitometric
Trucksess et al. (1984)	Wheat, maize	50	CH₃CN/H₂O	Charcoal/ alumina/celite	TLC
Fernandez et al. (1994)	Wheat	50	CH₃CN/H₂O	Charcoal/ alumina/ celite	TLC
Eppley et al. (1986)	Wheat	50	CH₃CN/H₂O	Charcoal/ alumina/celite	TLC
Eppley et al. (1984)	Wheat	50	CH₃CN/H₂O	Charcoal/ alumina	TLC
Romer (1986)	Foods, feeds		CH₃CN/H₂O	Charcoal/ alumina	TLC
Romer (1999) Accutox^TM			Distilled water		ELISA
Xu et al. (1988)	Wheat, maize		CH₃CN/H₂O	None	ELISA (acetylated)
Ridascreen™ DON (2000)	Cereals, feeds	2	CH₃CN/H₂O		ELISA
Ridascreen™ DON (2000)	Cereals, feeds	2	CH₃CN/H₂O		(acetylated)
Sinha et al. (1995)	Wheat, maize	1	MeOH/ H₂O		ELISA
Abouzied (2000)	Cereals	NA	H₂O	None	ELISA
Veratox™ (1998)	Wheat	10	H₂O	None	CD-ELISA
	Corn
	Barley
	Oat
Schneider et al. (2000)	Wheat	10	CH₃CN/H₂O	None	ELISA (IgY)
Mills et al. (1990)	Wheat	NA	60% MeOH	None	ELISA
Usleber et al. (1992)	Wheat	2	MeOH/ H₂O	Ethyl acetate	ELISA

Reference^b	Matrix	Toxins assayed	LOD/LOQ (ng/g)	Spiking levels (ng/g)	Recovery (%)	CV (%)
Malone et al. (1998)	Wheat, barley, maize, bran, oats	DON	100	500–50 000	NA	NA
Trucksess et al. (1987)	Corn, wheat, barley	DON	NA	200	81–88	2–20
		NIV		100	78–89
		FX		50	61–108
Trucksess et al. (1984)	Wheat, maize	DON	20/40	100–1000	85–93	3–17
			(wheat)	(wheat)
			20/100	100–1000	77–80	6–12
			(maize)	(maize)
Fernandez et al. (1994)	Wheat	DON	40/NA	200	83	NA
				400	82
				800	72
Eppley et al. (1986)	Wheat	DON	50/NA	50	90	30–87
				100	96
				300	95
				1000	78
Eppley et al. (1984)	Wheat	DON	NA/200	200–5000	80	NA
Romer (1986)	Foods, feeds	DON	300/NA	900–1100	99	8
		NIV	500/NA	750–1100	92	15
		FX	300/NA	900–1100	99	9
Romer (1999) Accutox^TM		DON		500
Xu et al. (1988)	Wheat, maize	DON	NA	10–1000	102	12
Xu et al. (1988)	Wheat, maize	DON			100	15
Ridascreen™ DON (2000)	Cereals, feeds	DON	1.25/NA	NA	80–90
		3-AcDON
		15-AcDON
Sinha et al. (1995)	Wheat, maize	DON	250/NA	NA	NA	NA
Sinha et al. (1995)	Wheat, maize	15-AcDON
Abouzied (2000)	Cereals	DON	20/NA	NA	NA	NA
Veratox™ (1998)	Wheat	DON	300/500	NA	NA	NA
	Corn
	Barley
	Oat
Schneider et al. (2000)	Wheat	DON	160/NA	525	104-120	6
Mills et al. (1990)	Wheat	DON	100/NA	NA	NA	NA
Usleber et al. (1992)	Wheat	DON	4.5 ng/ml/200	200–1000	71–79	3.6–4.9

^{a Fordefinitions of abbreviations, see end of Trichothecenes Appendix 6.
^{b The references are listed in the monograph on deoxynivalenol.}Trichothecenes Appendix 2.
Quantitative methods for B-trichothecenes and particularly for deoxynivalenol^a}

Reference^b	Matrix	Amount of sample (g)	Extraction	Clean-up	Technique assayed
Veldman et al. (1992)	Feed	20	CH₃CN/H₂O	Celite/cahrcoal/ aluminium oxide	HPLC–UV
Rajakylä et al. (1987)	Wheat, rye	20	CH₃CN	Bond Elut	HPLC–MS
Zabe et al. (2000)	Food	NA	NA	Immunoaffinity	HPLC–NA
Josephs et al. (1998)	Wheat	1	SFE	SFE	GC–ECD
Pineiro et al. (1996)	Liquid culture	50	MeOH	SPE–C18	HPLC–UV
Sano et al. (1987)	Maize, wheat, barley	20	CH₃CN/H₂O	Florisil and CN-	HPLC–FLD
Sano et al. (1987)	Maize, wheat, barley	20	CH₃CN/H₂O	Sep Pak	(methyl acetate)
Schuhmacher et al. (1996)	Wheat	15	CH₃CN/H₂O	Mycosep	HPLC–DAD
Berger et al. (1999)	Wheat	10	CH₃CN/H₂O	Mycosep 227, 216	LC–MS
Cahill et al. (1999)	Wheat	50	H₂O/PEG	DONtest	HPLC–UV
Razzazi-Fazeli et al. (1999)	Wheat	25	CH₃CN/H₂O	Mycosep	HPLC–
Razzazi-Fazeli et al. (1999)	Wheat	25	CH₃CN/H₂O	Mycosep	APCI–MS
Reutter (1999)	Cereals, feed	25	CH₃CN/H₂O	Charcoal/ alumina/ celite/Iimmuno-affinity column	HPLC–UV
Mulders et al. (1986)	Cereals	25	CHCl₃/EtOH	Silica gel	GC–ECD (HFB)
Mulders et al. (1986)	Cereals	25	CHCl₃/EtOH	Silica gel	GC–MS (HFB)
Scott & Kanhere (1986)	Cereals	50	CH₃OH/H₂O	Silica gel	GC–ECD (TMS)
Tacke & Casper (1996)	Wheat, barley, malt	5	CH₃CN/H₂O	C₁₈/alumina	GC–ECD (TMS)
Weingärtner et al. (1997)	Wheat	25	CH₃CN/H₂O	MycoSep‘	GC–ECD (TMS/TBT)
Schollenberger et al. (1998)	Cereals, food, feed	10	CH₃CN/H₂O	Florisil/Bond Elut CBA	GC–MS (TFA)
Croteau et al. (1994)	Maize	50	CH₃CN/H₂O, shake 2.5 h	Charcoal/ alumina	GC–ECD (DMAP, HFBA)
Adler et al. (1992)	Wheat	20	MeOH/ H₂O	Silica gel/C₁₈	GC–ECD (TMS)
Blaas et al. (1984)	Cereals	20	MeOH/ H₂O, hexane	Florisil	GC–MS (TMS)
Seidel et al. (1993)	Wheat, maize	10	MeOH/ H₂O	Florisil/C₁₈	GC–ECD (HFB)
van Egmond (2000)	Wheat	25	CH₃CN/H₂O	Mycosep	GC–FID
Young & Games (1993)	Liquid culture	NA	NA	NA	SFC–UV
Young & Games (1993)	Liquid culture	NA	NA	NA	SFC–MS
Groves et al. (1999)	Maize	5	CH₃CN/H₂O	Aluminium oxide/C18	GC–MS (TMS)
Petterson (1992)	Barley, oats, wheat	20	CH₃CN/H₂O	Charcoal/ aluminia	GC–ECD (TMS)
Stenwig et al. (1992)	Barley, oats	50	CH₃CN/H₂O	Charcoal/ aluminia/ celite	GC–ECD (TMSI)
Lauren & Agnew (1991)	Maize	20	CH₃CN/ MeOH/H₂O	Alumina/ cation resins/celite	HPLC–UV
Lauren & Agnew (1991)	Maize	20	CH₃CN/ MeOH/H₂O	Alumina/ cation resins/celite	GC–ECD (TFAA)
Scudamore et al. (1998)	Maize	30	CH₃CN/4% KCl	Charcoal/ aluminia	GC–MS (TFAA)
Mirocha et al. (1998)	Wheat, barley	25	CH₃CN/H₂O	C18/alumina	GC–MS (TMSI, TCMS)
Liu et al. (1997)	Wheat, barley,oats		CH₃CN/H₂O	Charcoal/ aluminia/ celite	GC–ECD (TMSI)
Park et al. (1991)	Cereals	50	CH₃CN/H₂O	Florisil	GC–MS (TMI/TMA/ TMCS)
Tanaka et al. (1986)	Wheat, barley	20	CH₃CN/H₂O	Florisil/C18	GC–ECD
Tanaka et al. (1986)	Wheat, barley	20	CH₃CN/H₂O	Florisil/C18	(TMS)
Swanson et al. (1986)	Milk	40 mL	Chem tube/ ethyl acetate	C18	GC–ECD (TMS, HFB)
Dahlem et al. (1986)	Urine	9 mL	Clin-Elut/ethyl acetate		GC–ECD (TMS)
Dahlem et al. (1986)	Faeces	12 g	MeOH/H₂O/ Clin-Elut	C18
Kiessling et al. (1984)	Rumen fluid	5 mL	MeOH/0.1% NaCl	C18	GC–FID
Scott et al. (1993)	Beer	50 mL	Chem-Elut/ ethyl acetate/ MeOH	C18	GC–MS
					(HFB)

Tanaka et al. (1990)	Cereals	50	CH₃CN/H₂O	Florisil	GC–ECD
Tanaka et al. (1990)	Cereals	50	CH₃CN/H₂O	Florisil	(TMS)
Scott & Trucksess (1997)	Wheat, maize	NA	NA	Charcoal/C18	GC–MS
Scott & Trucksess (1997)	Wheat, maize	NA	NA	Charcoal/C18	(TMS, HFB)
Scott et al. (1989)	Wheat	50	MeOH/ H₂O	C18/alumina/ carbon	GC–ECD
Scott et al. (1989)	Wheat	50	MeOH/ H₂O	C18/alumina/ carbon	(HFB, TMS)
Luo et al. (1990)	Wheat, maize	40	CH₃CN/H₂O	Florisil	GC–ECD
Luo et al. (1990)	Wheat, maize	40	CH₃CN/H₂O	Florisil	(TMS)
Möller & Gustavsson (1992)	Cereals	50	CH₃CN/ EtOAc/H₂O	Florisil-Sep Pak	GC–ECD
					(Tri-syl/
					TBT)
Onji et al. (1998)	Cereals	15	CH₃CN/H₂O	Bond Elut florisil	GC–MS
Onji et al. (1998)	Cereals	15	CH₃CN/H₂O	Bond Elut florisil	(on-column)
Krska et al. (1997)	Wheat	25	CH₃CN/H₂O	Mycosep	GC–ECD
Krska et al. (1997)	Wheat	25	CH₃CN/H₂O	Mycosep	(Tri-syl/TBT)
Krska (1998)	Wheat	25	CH₃CN/H₂O	Mycosep	GC–ECD
Krska (1998)	Wheat	25	CH₃CN/H₂O	Mycosep	(Tri-syl/TBT)
Josephs (1999)	Wheat	25	CH₃CN/H₂O	Mycosep	GC–ECD
					(Tri-syl/
					TBT)
Kotal et al. (1999)	Cereals	5	CH₃CN/H₂O CH₃CN/ MeOH	GPC (BioBeads S-X3)	GC–ECD
Kotal et al. (1999)	Cereals	5	CH₃CN/H₂O CH₃CN/ MeOH	GPC (BioBeads S-X3)	(TFAA)

Reference^b	Matrix	Amount of sample (g)	Toxins ng/g	LOD/LOQ levels	Spiking (%) (ng/g)	Recovery	CV (%)
Veldman et al. (1992)	Feed	20	DON	100–500/NA	500–600	60–86	NA
Rajakylä et al. (1987)	Wheat, rye	20	DON	250–1000/NA	NA	75	10
Zabe et al. (2000)	Food	NA	DON	NA	0–5	80	NA
Josephs et al. (1998)	Wheat	1	DON	1600/5350	2350–16 750	53	9.6
Pineiro et al. (1996)	Liquid culture	50	DON	NA	NA	96	NA
Sano et al. (1987)	Maize, wheat, barley	20	DON	20/NA	1000	> 70	NA
			NIV
			FX
Schuhmacher et al. (1996)	Wheat	15	DON	500/2000	1000–50 000	79	9.6
Berger et al. (1999)	Wheat	10	DON	6/50	NA	86	3.6
			FX	3/40		91	3.4
			3-AcDON	3/25		98	2.6
Cahill et al. (1999)	Wheat	50	DON	100/NA	100–10 000	100–81	NA
Razzazi-Fazeli et al. (1999)	Wheat	25	DON	NA/40	50–500	86	3.5–7.7
Razzazi-Fazeli et al. (1999)	Wheat	25	NIV	NA/50		70
Reutter (1999)	Cereals, feed	25	DON	NA/50	NA	NA	NA
Reutter (1999)	Cereals, feed	25		NA/100
Mulders et al. (1986)	Cereals	25	DON	20/NA	100	99	11
Scott & Kanhere (1986)	Cereals	50	DON	20/NA	200	121	NA
Scott & Kanhere (1986)	Cereals	50			1000	93 (barley)
Tacke & Casper (1996)	Wheat, barley, malt	5	DON	50/NA	500–20 000	94–100
Weingärtner et al. (1997)	Wheat	25	DON	35/123	100–2000	102	9.5–18
			3-AcDON	41/143		96
			15-AcDON	35/123		95
			FX	35/124		97
			NIV	33/117		66
Schollenberger et al. (1998)	Cereals, food, feed	10	DON	7/23	50–500	83–98	NA
			FX	6/21		82–120
			15-AcDON	7/22		73–108
			3-AcDON	5/16		88–110
			NIV	12/38		71–107
Croteau et al. (1994)	Maize	50	DON	NA/50	100	73	NA
					250	108
					1000	81
Adler et al. (1992)	Wheat	20	DON	NA	NA	NA	NA
Blaas et al. (1984)	Cereals	20	DON	10/NA	NA	NA	NA
Blaas et al. (1984)	Cereals	20	NIV
Seidel et al. (1993)	Wheat, maize	10	DON	3.5/NA	NA	75–80	5
van Egmond (2000)	Wheat	25	DON	25/75	300	96	4.8
			NIV			96	3.8
			FX			98	2.9
			3-AcDON			102	0.7
Young & Games (1993)	Liquid culture	NA	DON	150/NA	NA	NA	NA
			3-AcDON	100/NA
			ZEN	250/NA
Groves et al. (1999)	Maize	5	DON	500/NA	1000	80–100	NA
			NIV
			FX
			3-AcDON
			15-AcDON
Petterson (1992)	Barley, oats, wheat	20	DON	10/NA	NA	NA	NA
Petterson (1992)	Barley, oats, wheat	20	NIV
Stenwig et al. (1992)	Barley, oats	50	DON	10/NA	NA	90	NA
Lauren & Agnew (1991)	Maize	20	DON	30/NA	NA	55–70	NA
			NIV	20/NA (GC)		73–103

Scudamore et al. (1998)	Maize	30	DON	10/NA	100	72–80	10–16
			NIV	10/NA
			FX	10/NA
Mirocha et al. (1998)	Wheat, barley	25	DON	NA	1 000	97	NA
					5 000	88
					10 000	87
Liu et al. (1997)	Wheat, barley,oats		DON	30/NA	NA	NA	11
				3-AcDON	30/NA
				NIV	50/NA
Park et al. (1991)	Cereals	50	DON	15/NA	1000	83	NA
Park et al. (1991)	Cereals	50	NIV			89
Tanaka et al. (1986)	Wheat, barley	20	DON	2/NA	NA	NA	NA
Tanaka et al. (1986)	Wheat, barley	20	NIV
Swanson et al. (1986)	Milk	40 mL	DON	1 ng/mL/NA	2.5–10 ng/mL	82	10
Dahlem et al. (1986)	Urine	9 mL	DON	50/NA	200–5000 ng/mL	86	8.5
Dahlem et al. (1986)	Faeces	12 g				87	10
Kiessling et al. (1984)	Rumen fluid	5 mL	DON	2/NA	NA	43	NA
Scott et al. (1993)	Beer	50 mL	DON	1.5 ng/mL	5–20 ng/mL	103	NA
			NIV	0.3 ng/mL		90
			ZEN	2 ng/mL/NA		97
Tanaka et al. (1990)	Cereals	50	DON	2/NA	300	88	1.9–11
			NIV	2/NA	300	88
			ZEN	1/NA	500	91
Scott & Trucksess (1997)	Wheat, maize	NA	DON	7–100/NA	500–1000	81–96	NA
Scott & Trucksess (1997)	Wheat, maize	NA	NIV		500–1000	48–73
Scott et al. (1989)	Wheat	50	DON	20–50/NA	200–1000	81–108	NA
Scott et al. (1989)	Wheat	50	NIV	200/NA	200–1000	71–102
Luo et al. (1990)	Wheat, maize	40	DON	5/NA	200	97–103	NA
Luo et al. (1990)	Wheat, maize	40	NIV	5/NA	200
Möller & Gustavsson (1992)	Cereals	50	DON	NA	25–250	86–111	NA
			NIV			72–110
			FX			84–95
			3-AcDON			91–106
Onji et al. (1998)	Cereals	15	DON	100–500/NA	60	75	22
			FX			49	29
			3-AcDON			82	28
Krska et al. (1997)	Wheat	25	DON	NA	100–2000	96	9.5
Krska (1998)	Wheat	25	DON	40/NA	100–2000	96	9.5
Josephs (1999)	Wheat	25	DON	28/57	257–2060	103	4.3–7.8
			NIV	41/82	204–1438	76
			FX	28/56	280–2240	106
			3-AcDON	23/47	255–2040	107
			15-AcDON	23/46	280-2240	107
Kotal et al. (1999)	Cereals	5	DON	NA/50	2000	88	NA
			NIV	NA/40		87
			FX	NA/100		78

^{a Fordefinitions of abbreviations, see end of Trichothecenes Appendix 6.
^{b For references, see the monograph on deoxynivalenol.}Trichothecenes Appendix 3.
Methods for screening for A-trichothecenes and particularly for T-2 and HT-2 toxins^a}

Reference^b	Matrix	Amount of sample (g)	Extraction	Clean-up	Technique
Romer (1986)	Foods, feeds		CH3CN/H2O	Charcoal/ alumina	TLC
Kawamura et al. (1990)	Cereals	20	CH3CN/H2O	Florisil	icELISA
Märtlbauer et al. (1991)	Milk	NA	MeOH	None	ELISA
Barna-Vetro et al. (1997)	Cereals		89% CH3CN	None	ELISA
Yang & Luo (2000)	Wheat	20	CHCl3/EtOH	Charcoal/ alumina	ELISA

Reference^b	Matrix	Amount of sample (g)	Toxins assayed	LOD/LOQ (ng/g)	Spiking levels (ng/g)	Recovery (%)	CV (%)
Romer (1986)	Foods, feeds		T-2	500(TLC)/NA	850-1200	98	12
Romer (1986)	Foods, feeds		HT-2				13
Kawamura et al. (1990)	Cereals	20	T-2	0.2/NA	NA	NA	NA
Märtlbauer et al. (1991)	Milk	NA	T-2	0.5/NA	NA	68-98	5-20
Barna-Vetro et al. (1997)	Cereals		T-2	50/NA	NA	85	3-15
Yang & Luo (2000)	Wheat	20	T-2	NA	NA	NA	NA

From Hack (1994), Gendloff (1987), and Hunter (1985), with sensitivities of 5 pg/ml (0.25 pg/assay), 10 ng/ml (0.5 ng/assay), and 50 ng/assay, respectively. Park & Chu (1996) reported the efficiency of ELISA and RIA for the analysis of T-2 toxin and of 3-AcDON in naturally contaminated maize samples. A homogeneous competition inhibition immunoassay for T-2 toxin was reported by Ligler et al. (1987).

^{a Fordefinitions of abbreviations, see end of Trichothecenes Appendix 6.
^{b For references, see monograph on T-2 and HT-2 toxins}}

Trichothecenes Appendix 4.

Quantitative methods for A-trichothecenes and particularly for T-2 and HT-2 toxins^a

Reference^b	Matrix	Amount of sample (g)	Extraction	Clean-up	Technique
Berger et al. (1999)	Wheat	10	CH₃CN/H₂O	Mycosep 227, 216	LC–MS
Rajakylä et al. (1987)	Wheat, rye	20	CH₃CN	Bond Elut	HPLC–MS
Möller & Gustavsson (1992)	Cereals	50	CH₃CN/ EtOAc/H₂O	Florisil-Sep Pak	GC–ECD (Tri-syl/ TBT)
Rosen & Rosen (1983)	Maize	10	MeOH	Silica gel/C18	GC–MS
Schollenberger et al. (1998)	Cereals, food, feed	10	CH₃CN/H₂O	Florisil/Bond Elut CBA	GC–MS (TFA)
Onji et al. (1998)	Cereals		CH₃CN/H₂O	Bond Elut florisil	GC–MS (on-column)
Croteau et al. (1994)	Maize	50	CH₃CN/H₂O, shake 2.5 h	Charcoal/ alumina	GC–ECD (DMAP, HFBA)
Plattner et al. (1989)	Cultures		Ethyl acetate	charcoal	GC–MS (Tri-syl/TBT)
Scott & Kanhere (1986)	Standards	NA	NA	NA	GC–ECD (TMS, HFB)
Groves et al. (1999)	Maize	5	CH₃CN/H₂O	Aluminium oxide/C18	GC–MS (TMS)
Petterson (1992)	Barley, oats, wheat	20	CH₃CN/H₂O	Charcoal/ alumina	GC–ECD (TMS)
Scudamore et al. (1998)	Maize	30	CH₃CN/4 KCL	Charcoal/ alumina	GC–MS (TFAA)
Hietaniemi & Kumpulainen (1991)	Cereals, feed	20	MeOH/ H₂O	Silica gel/ Florisil/C18	GC–MSD (TMSI)
Park et al. (1991)	Cereals	50	CH₃CN/H₂O	Florisil	GC–MS (TMI/TMA/ TMCS)
Kiessling et al. (1984)	Rumen fluid	5 mL	MeOH/0.1% NaCl	C18	GC–FID (?)
Scott (1997)	Wheat, maize	NA	NA	Charcoal/C18	GC–MS (TMS, HFB)
Scott et al. (1989)	Wheat	50	MeOH/ H₂O	C18/alumina/ carbon	GC–ECD (HFB, TMS)
Luo et al. (1990)	Wheat, maize	40	CH₃CN/H₂O	Florisil	GC–ECD (TMS)
Josephs (1999)	Wheat	25	CH₃CN/H₂O	Mycosep	GC–ECD (HFBI)
Kotal et al. (1999)	Cereals	5	CH₃CN/H₂O	GPC (Bio Beads S-X3)	GC–ECD (TFAA)
Kotal et al. (1999)	Cereals	5	CH₃CN/MeOH		HT-2

Reference^b	Matrix	Amount of sample (g)	Toxins assayed	LOD/LOQ (ng/g)	Spiking levels (ng/g)	Recovery (%)	CV (%)
Berger et al. (1999)	Wheat	10	T-2	3/60		87	4.6
Berger et al. (1999)	Wheat	10	HT-2	1/10		90	1.7
Rajakylä et al. (1987)	Wheat, rye	20	T-2	250–1000/NA	NA	89	6.3–7.7
Rajakylä et al. (1987)	Wheat, rye	20	HT-2			90
Möller & Gustavsson (1992)	Cereals	50	T-2	NA	250–2500	76–93	NA
Möller & Gustavsson (1992)	Cereals	50		HT-2			71–94
Rosen & Rosen (1983)	Maize	10	T-2	20/50	111	80	14
Rosen & Rosen (1983)	Maize	10	HT-2	5/20	46	91	8.7
Schollenberger et al. (1998)	Cereals, food, feed	10	T-2	2/6	50–500	87–110	NA
Schollenberger et al. (1998)	Cereals, food, feed	10	HT-2	5/18		74–109
Onji et al. (1998)	Cereals		T-2	100–500/NA	60	98	22
Croteau et al. (1994)	Maize	50	T-2	NA/100	100	70/121	NA
			HT-2	NA/50	250	NA/95
					1000	83/99
Plattner et al. (1989)	Cultures		T-2	NA	NA	NA	NA
Scott & Kanhere (1986)	Standards	NA	T-2	NA	NA	NA	NA
Scott & Kanhere (1986)	Standards	NA	HT-2
Groves et al. (1999)	Maize	5	T-2	500/NA	1000	80–100	NA
Groves et al. (1999)	Maize	5	HT-2
Petterson (1992)	Barley, oats, wheat	20	T-2	50/NA	NA	NA	NA
Petterson (1992)	Barley, oats, wheat	20	HT-2	10/NA
Scudamore et al. (1998)	Maize	30	T-2	10/NA	100	0–103	20–38
			HT-2	10/NA	100	21–53
			DAS	10/NA	100	64–73
Hietaniemi & Kumpulainen (1991)	Cereals, feed	20	T-2	15/NA	NA	72–130	NA
Hietaniemi & Kumpulainen (1991)	Cereals, feed	20		HT-2
Park et al. (1991)	Cereals	50	T-2	15/NA	1000	83	NA
Kiessling et al. (1984)	Rumen fluid	5 mL	T-2	10/NA	NA	67	NA
Kiessling et al. (1984)	Rumen fluid	5 mL	HT-2	5/NA	NA	NA
Scott (1997)	Wheat, maize	NA	T-2	NA	4000	94	NA
Scott (1997)	Wheat, maize	NA	HT-2		1200–2400	88–93
Scott et al. (1989)	Wheat	50	T-2	400/NA	200–4000	66–91	NA
Scott et al. (1989)	Wheat	50	HT-2	100–200/NA	200–4000	72–110
Luo et al. (1990)	Wheat, maize	40	T-2	100/NA	200	97–103	NA
Luo et al. (1990)	Wheat, maize	40	HT-2	100/NA	200
Josephs (1999)	Wheat	25	T-2	10/37	51–1027	100	2.2
Josephs (1999)	Wheat	25	HT-2	10/38	52–1047	117
Kotal et al. (1999)	Cereals	5	T-2	NA/200	2000	91	NA
Kotal et al. (1999)	Cereals	5	NA/100		105

^{a Fordefinitions of abbreviations, see end of Trichothecenes Appendix 6.
^{b For references, see monograph on T-2 and HT-2 toxins}Trichothecenes Appendix 5.
Analytical methods used in surveys summarized in Appendix A of the monograph on

deoxynivalenol and Appendices A and B of the monograph on T-2 and HT-2 toxins^a}

Reference^b	Matrix	Amount of sample (g)	Extraction	Clean-up	Method of quantification	Toxins assayed	LOD/ LOQ (ng/g)	Spiking levels (ng/g)	Recovery (%)	RSD_r	RSD_R
Abouzied et al. (1991)	Grain foods	25	CH₃CN:H₂O 9:1		ELISA	DON	1000
Ali et al. (1998)	Maize	20	CH₃CN:H₂O 3:1 100 ml	Florisil column	GC–MS	DON	10/NA
Ali et al. (1998)	Maize	20	CH₃CN:H₂O 3:1 100 ml	Florisil column	TMS derivatives	NIV	10/NA
Eskola et al. Cereals (2000a,b)			Mycosep 227	GC–MS column	DON	NA/10
					TMS derivatives	3-AcDON